Trial reportPloS one2021
Gut microbiota comparison of vaginally and cesarean born infants exclusively breastfed by mothers secreting α1-2 fucosylated oligosaccharides in breast milk.
Trial report in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Cesarean Section Delivery on Intestinal Microbiota: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Perspectives-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Neonatal Diet and Gut Microbiome Development After C-Section During the First Three Months After Birth: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Changes in bacterial and metabolic profiles in breastfed infants during dietary transition to solids.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- The role of human milk oligosaccharides in shaping and restoring infant gut microbiota: population-based cohort study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- FUT2-mediated intestinal fucosylation: a master regulator of host-microbiota symbiosis in health and disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic effect ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota Modulation in Asthma-An In Vitro Study.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exclusive breastfeeding is associated with the gut microbiome maturation in infants according to delivery mode.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Article
- Breastfeeding and Allergy Effect Modified by Genetic, Environmental, Dietary, and Immunological Factors.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Gut Microbiota in Psoriasis.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Effects of addition of 2-fucosyllactose to infant formula on growth and specific pathways of utilization byFrontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Determining the metabolic fate of human milk oligosaccharides: it may just be more complex than you think?Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England) · 2022Review
- Early-life gut microbiota and its connection to metabolic health in children: Perspective on ecological drivers and need for quantitative approach.EBioMedicine · 2021Review
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) and Infant Microbiota: A Scoping Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExclusive breastfeeding promotes beneficial modifications on the microbiota of cesarean born infants, but little is known about the role of specific breast milk components in this modulation. Women with an active FUT2 gene (called secretors) secrete α1-2 fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which promote Bifidobacterium in the infant's gut and may modulate the microbiota of cesarean born infants.
objectiveTo compare the microbiota composition of cesarean and vaginally born infants breastfed by secretor mothers.
methodsMaternal secretor status was determined by the occurrence of 4 different α1-2 fucosylated HMOs in breast milk by LC-MS. The fecal microbiota composition from cesarean and vaginally born infants was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR, stratified by the maternal secretor status, and compared.
resultsAlpha and beta diversity were not significantly different in cesarean born, secretor-fed infants (CSe+) compared to vaginally born, secretor-fed infants (VSe+). There were no significant differences in the fecal relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between CSe+ and VSe+ infants, but the prevalence of the species B. longum was lower in CSe+. The fecal relative abundance of Bacteroides was also lower, while Akkermansia and Kluyvera were higher in CSe+ infants.
conclusionCesarean and vaginally born infants fed with breast milk containing the α1-2 fucosylated HMOs fraction present similar amounts of Bifidobacterium in the feces, but differences are observed in other members of the microbiota.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.