ReviewActa neuropathologica2021
Periphery and brain, innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson's disease.
Review in Acta neuropathologica, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 143 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Ketogenic Diet Interventions in Parkinson's Disease: Safeguarding the Gut Microbiome
TALLman Family Energizes Research To Help Alleviate Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease - "TALLER THAN PD." A Phase 2 Futility Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Hydroxychloroquine in Subjects With Early Treated Parkinson's Disease
Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 264 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the therapeutic potential of NLRP3 inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease: a systematic review of in-vivo studies.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Association Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of aging on animal models of Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Pre-clinical Studies Identifying Molecular Pathways of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Pathological Role of Natural Killer Cells in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Trigonelline Alleviates Neuroinflammation in AAV-SynA53T Parkinson's Disease Model Mice: Involvement of PI3K/AKT-NF-κB Signaling and Gut Microbial-Metabolic Remodeling.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Review
- The gut neuroepithelial unit as a neurodegeneration-relevant interface in the gut-brain axis.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Article
- The Neuroimmune Duality of CD4⁺ T Cells: Drivers of Damage and Repair in the Brain.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Cross-link Between CircRNAs and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Synthetic strategies for small molecule compounds for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: targeting α-synuclein.Molecular diversity · 2026Review
- CD163 Dominance Within Macrophages/Microglia Reflects a Favorable Prognosis in Patients With Glioblastoma.Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology · 2026Article
- Adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Microglia-driven neuroinflammatory signaling in neurodegeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Spermidine Suppresses Peripheral Inflammation and Alleviates Non-Motor Symptoms in the 6-OHDA-Induced Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cardamonin ameliorates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease by regulating NF-κB signaling.Hereditas · 2026Article
- Mechanism of the protective effect of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice.Histology and histopathology · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and COVID-19: Microglia-Neutrophil Interaction.ACS omega · 2026Review
- Nanotherapeutic Interventions for Parkinson's Disease: Modulating Pathogenic Mechanisms and Overcoming Therapeutic Obstacles.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where alpha-synuclein plays a central role in the death and dysfunction of neurons, both, in central, as well as in the peripheral nervous system. Besides the neuronal events observed in patients, PD also includes a significant immune component. It is suggested that the PD-associated immune response will have consequences on neuronal health, thus opening immunomodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy in PD. The immune changes during the disease occur in the brain, involving microglia, but also in the periphery with changes in cells of the innate immune system, particularly monocytes, as well as those of adaptive immunity, such as T-cells. This realization arises from multiple patient studies, but also from data in animal models of the disease, providing strong evidence for innate and adaptive immune system crosstalk in the central nervous system and periphery in PD. Here we review the data showing that alpha-synuclein plays a crucial role in the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. We will also describe the studies suggesting that inflammation in PD includes early changes in innate and adaptive immune cells that develop dynamically through time during disease, contributing to neuronal degeneration and symptomatology in patients. This novel finding has contributed to the definition of PD as a multisystem disease that should be approached in a more integratory manner rather than a brain-focused classical approach.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.