ArticleHeliyon2021
IL-6 and IL-10 as predictors of disease severity in COVID-19 patients: results from meta-analysis and regression.
Article in Heliyon, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 194 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reduced COVID-19 severity in Africa: a systematic review of host genetic and immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Galectins can serve as biomarkers in COVID-19: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outcomes in patients with sarcopenia: A meta-analysis and meta-regression.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2022Pooled it
- The Probable Protective Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Inflammation of the Airway and Lung in COVID-19 Treatment: A Preclinical and Clinical Meta-Analysis.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 pandemic: insights into molecular mechanisms leading to sex-based differences in patient outcomes.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Profile of Circulatory Cytokines and Chemokines in Human Coronaviruses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunologyPooled it
- Beneficial effects of L-Arginine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: New insights from a randomized clinical trial.Pharmacological research · 2023Trial
- Serum IP-10 and IL-7 levels are associated with disease severity of coronavirus disease 2019.Cytokine · 2021Trial
- Evaluating the risk of elevated IL-6 levels in pediatric patients: a stratified approach and evidence of interaction effects.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Integrated Inflammatory, Thrombo-Inflammatory, Redox and Soluble IFNAR2 Profiling During Hospitalization for COVID-19: An Exploratory Observational Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- MarkerScout: A Disease-Agnostic Machine Learning Framework for Biomarker Prediction from Multi-Scale Mechanistic Models.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Interleukins in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Immunopathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Genome-wide H3K4me3 profiling of circulating immune cells reveals dynamic epigenetic reprogramming during acute critical COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sex-specific vulnerabilities in early human neurodevelopment following SARS-CoV-2-induced maternal immune activation.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Immune imbalance markers: key factors in early recognition of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in non-immunocompromised VAP patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Investigating the contribution of circulating inflammatory cytokines on the link between obesity and COVID-19.Adipocyte · 2025Article
- Dissecting biomarker networks linking COVID-19 inflammatory drivers, disease severity and thyroid adaptive responses.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Divergent biological pathways distinguish community-acquired pneumonia from COVID-19 despite similar plasma cytokine profiles.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Immune transcriptomic analysis on COVID-19 patients with varying clinical presentations identifies severity markers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsSARS-CoV-2, an infectious agent behind the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, induces high levels of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ etc in infected individuals that play a role in the underlying patho-physiology. Nonetheless, exact association and contribution of every cytokine towards COVID-19 pathology remains poorly understood. Delineation of the roles of cytokines during COVID-19 holds the key to efficient patient management in clinics. This study performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to establish association between induced cytokines and COVID-19 disease severity to help in prognosis and clinical care. MAIN
methodsScientific literature was searched to identify 13 cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α and IFN-γ) from 18 clinical studies. Standardized mean difference (SMD) for selected 6 cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patient groups were summarized using random effects model. A classifier was built using logistic regression model with cytokines having significant SMD as covariates. KEY
findingsOut of the 13 cytokines, IL-6 and IL-10 showed statistically significant SMD across studies synthesized. Classifier with mean values of both IL-6 and IL-10 as covariates performed well with accuracy of ~92% that was significantly higher than accuracy reported in literature with IL-6 and IL-10 as individual covariates. SIGNIFICANCE: Simple panel proposed by us with only two cytokine markers can be used as predictors for fast diagnosis of patients with higher risk of COVID-19 disease deterioration and thus can be managed well for a favourable prognosis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.