ReviewAnnals of translational medicine2021
A narrative review of central nervous system involvement in acute leukemias.
Review in Annals of translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Technological features of blast identification in the cerebrospinal fluid: A systematic review of flow cytometry and laboratory haematology methods.International journal of laboratory hematology · 2022Pooled it
- Altered glymphatic-related MRI markers in children with acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia at diagnosis.Cancer imaging : the official publication of the International Cancer Imaging Society · 2026Article
- Differential Expression and Target Gene Analysis of PBMC-Derived microRNAs as Prognostic Biomarkers in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Seizures and Hyperleukocytosis Revealing New-Onset Acute Myeloid Leukemia During Acute COVID-19 Infection.Cureus · 2026Article
- Central Nervous System Involvement in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: From Pathophysiology to Neuroradiologic Features and the Emerging Role of Artificial Intelligence.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Gilteritinib in an Isolated CNS Recurrence of FLT3-ITD Positive AML.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- A Review of the Role of Neuroimaging in Neurotoxicity Monitoring in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Review
- Unraveling Intractable Headache in Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Coexisting Migraines and Chiari Malformation.Cureus · 2025Article
- Aseptic Meningitis as First Presentation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Normal Cell Blood Count.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Clinical Manifestations and Ophthalmic Outcomes of Leukemic Retinopathy and Optic Neuropathy in Patients With Acute Leukemia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- A Sudden Expansion: Acute Subdural Hematoma From Extramedullary Acute Myeloid Leukemia.Cureus · 2025Article
- Beyond FOXO1: AS1842856 inhibits GSK3 to enhance cytotoxic effects in B-ALL.Blood advances · 2025Article
- Assessing changes in brain structure in new-onset children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- The utility of stereotactic biopsy of intracranial lesions in the diagnosis of leukemia complicated by central nervous system lesions.Chinese neurosurgical journal · 2025Article
- Chronic Central Nervous System Graft-Versus-Host Disease to Unravel Progressive Visual Loss and Ischemic Stroke Recurrence Post-Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Case Report.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Development and Transportation Pathway Evaluation of Liposomes with Bile Acids for Enhancing the Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration of Methotrexate.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Liquid biopsy for evaluating mutations and chromosomal aberrations in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with primary or metastatic CNS tumors.The journal of liquid biopsy · 2024Article
- Beyond the Surface: A Unique Presentation of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia as Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Case Report.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Routes and molecular mechanisms of central nervous system involvement in acute myeloid leukemia (Review).Oncology reports · 2024Review
- Patterns and prognostic impact of CNS infiltration in adults with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Annals of hematology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
28 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acute leukemias (both myeloid and lymphoblastic) are a group of diseases for which each year more successful therapies are implemented. However, in a subset of cases the overall survival (OS) is still exceptionally low due to the infiltration of leukemic cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and the subsequent formation of brain tumors. The CNS involvement is more common in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), than in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML), although the rates for the second case might be underestimated. The main reasons for CNS invasion are related to the expression of specific adhesion molecules (VLA-4, ICAM-1, VCAM, L-selectin, PECAM-1, CD18, LFA-1, CD58, CD44, CXCL12) by a subpopulation of leukemic cells, called "sticky cells" which have the ability to interact and adhere to endothelial cells. Moreover, the microenvironment becomes hypoxic and together with secretion of VEGF-A by ALL or AML cells the permeability of vasculature in the bone marrow increases, coupled with the disruption of blood brain barrier. There is a single subpopulation of leukemia cells, called leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that is able to resist in the new microenvironment due to its high adaptability. The LCSs enter into the arachnoid, migrate, and intensively proliferate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and consequently infiltrate perivascular spaces and brain parenchyma. Moreover, the CNS is an immune privileged site that also protects leukemic cells from chemotherapy. CD56/NCAM is the most important surface molecule often overexpressed by leukemic stem cells that offers them the ability to infiltrate in the CNS. Although asymptomatic or with unspecific symptoms, CNS leukemia should be assessed in both AML/ALL patients, through a combination of flow cytometry and cytological analysis of CSF. Intrathecal therapy (ITT) is a preventive measure for CNS involvement in AML and ALL, still much research is needed in finding the appropriate target that would dramatically lower CNS involvement in acute leukemia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.