ReviewFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2020
Thyroid Hormones Interaction With Immune Response, Inflammation and Non-thyroidal Illness Syndrome.
Review in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 138 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thyroid dysfunction risk in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of case-control studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Thyroid function during COVID-19 and post-COVID complications in adults: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Genetically predicted alterations in thyroid function are associated with the risk of benign prostatic disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- The prognostic values of thyroid disorders in predicting COVID-19 composite poor outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetes & metabolic syndrome · 2022Pooled it
- Thyroid disease and hypothyroidism are associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.Diabetes & metabolic syndromePooled it
- Exploring thyroid function in main domestic ruminants: a scoping review of physio-anatomy, diseases and diagnostic tools.The veterinary quarterly · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Thyroid Dysfunction in Sulfur Mustard-Exposed Veterans With Different Injury Severity.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Iodine and Its Impact on the Immune System of Humans and Domesticated Mammals: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Role of thyroid peroxidase in health and disease: A comprehensive update on TPO gene and protein expression, enzymatic activity and pharmacological modulation.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Article
- Beyond Hormone Levels: Thyroid Hormone Signaling from Neurogenesis to Alzheimer's Disease.Cells · 2026Review
- Sex-specific associations between thyroid hormones and the severity of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- Pre-vaccination biomarkers of enteric dysfunction, inflammation and nutritional status associate with seroconversion to oral cholera vaccine and are perturbed during natural infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Association Between Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Thyroid Function: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study.International journal of endocrinology · 2026Article
- Machine learning-based identification of concomitant stroke and prognostic analysis in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome: a retrospective study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Metabolic dysregulation and biological age acceleration in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a cross-sectional study based on clinical biomarker aging indices and metabolomics.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Thyroid function and depression among adolescents: a cross-sectional study exploring sex-based differences.PeerJ · 2026Article
- Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The interdependence between thyroid hormones (THs), namely, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and immune system is nowadays well-recognized, although not yet fully explored. Synthesis, conversion to a bioactive form, and release of THs in the circulation are events tightly supervised by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Newly synthesized THs induce leukocyte proliferation, migration, release of cytokines, and antibody production, triggering an immune response against either sterile or microbial insults. However, chronic patho-physiological alterations of the immune system, such as infection and inflammation, affect HPT axis and, as a direct consequence, THs mechanism of action. Herein, we revise the bidirectional crosstalk between THs and immune cells, required for the proper immune system feedback response among diverse circumstances. Available circulating THs do traffic in two distinct ways depending on the metabolic condition. Mechanistically, internalized THs form a stable complex with their specific receptors, which, upon direct or indirect binding to DNA, triggers a genomic response by activating transcriptional factors, such as those belonging to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Alternatively, THs engage integrin αvβ3 receptor on cell membrane and trigger a non-genomic response, which can also signal to the nucleus. In addition, we highlight THs-dependent inflammasome complex modulation and describe new crucial pathways involved in microRNA regulation by THs, in physiological and patho-physiological conditions, which modify the HPT axis and THs performances. Finally, we focus on the non-thyroidal illness syndrome in which the HPT axis is altered and, in turn, affects circulating levels of active THs as reported in viral infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.