Trial reportThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2021
Gut microbiota development during infancy: Impact of introducing allergenic foods.
Trial report in The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Cesarean Section Delivery on Intestinal Microbiota: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Perspectives-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus Used in the Perinatal Period for the Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Decoding the HMO‒microbiome axis: bridging maternal milk to infant health outcomes.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- Impact of Infant Feeding Mode on Gut Microbiome Composition in Early Life: Evidence from an Egyptian Cohort.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Protecting Newborns from Multidrug-Resistant Infections: The Emerging Role of Bacteriophages.Viruses · 2026Review
- Atopic dermatitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Early-life Gut Microbiota and Allergic Diseases: Immune Regulatory Mechanisms and Intervention Progress.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiome Dynamics in Food Allergy Development Across the Lifespan: Microbial Mechanisms, Host Interactions, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Integrated Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Profiling Reveals the Effects of Feeding Approaches on Infants' Gut Microenvironment.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Immunonutrition: Feeding the gut, skin, and immune system.Asia Pacific allergy · 2026Review
- Dynamic Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition and Function over Time in Suckling Raccoon Dogs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Causal Effects of Yogurt Intake on Gut Microbiota: A European Mendelian Randomization Study.International journal of genomics · 2026Article
- Milk fat globule membrane in early-life nutrition: composition, production, and biological effects on infant immune maturation, intestinal development, neurocognitive function, and growth.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Machine learning identifies differences between breast milk and formula in the gut microbiome.Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- Impact of Dupilumab on the Skin Microbiome in Children Aged 6-12 years with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2026Article
- Atopic dermatitis and the gut-skin axis: a review from dysbiosis to novel targeted therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Development and validation of the childhood allergy comprehensive screening questionnaire and Its application in a cross-sectional survey of allergic diseases among children aged 0-6 Years in Shanghai, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Infant gut microbiome reprogramming following introduction of solid foods (weaning).Gut microbes · 2025Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe gut microbiota potentially plays an important role in the immunologic education of the host during early infancy.
objectiveWe sought to determine how the infant gut microbiota evolve during infancy, particularly in relation to hygiene-related environmental factors, atopic disorders, and a randomized introduction of allergenic solids.
methodsA total of 1303 exclusively breast-fed infants were enrolled in a dietary randomized controlled trial (Enquiring About Tolerance study) from 3 months of age. In this nested longitudinal study, fecal samples were collected at baseline, with additional sampling of selected cases and controls at 6 and 12 months to study the evolution of their gut microbiota, using 16S ribosomal RNA gene-targeted amplicon sequencing.
resultsIn the 288 baseline samples from exclusively breast-fed infant at 3 months, the gut microbiota was highly heterogeneous, forming 3 distinct clusters: Bifidobacterium-rich, Bacteroides-rich, and Escherichia/Shigella-rich. Mode of delivery was the major discriminating factor. Increased Clostridium sensu stricto relative abundance at 3 months was associated with presence of atopic dermatitis on examination at age 3 and 12 months. From the selected cases and controls with longitudinal samples (n = 70), transition to Bacteroides-rich communities and influx of adult-specific microbes were observed during the first year of life. The introduction of allergenic solids promoted a significant increase in Shannon diversity and representation of specific microbes, such as genera belonging to Prevotellaceae and Proteobacteria (eg, Escherichia/Shigella), as compared with infants recommended to exclusively breast-feed.
conclusionsSpecific gut microbiota characteristics of samples from 3-month-old breast-fed infants were associated with cesarean birth, and greater Clostridium sensu stricto abundance was associated with atopic dermatitis. The randomized introduction of allergenic solids from age 3 months alongside breast-feeding was associated with differential dynamics of maturation of the gut microbial communities.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.