ReviewDiabetologia2021
New closed-loop insulin systems.
Review in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 105 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Ultra-rapid lispro or fast-acting aspart compared to standard insulin lispro and aspart using closed-loop insulin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Hybrid closed-loop systems for managing blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and economic modelling.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of the hybrid closedloop insulin delivery system in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Pooled it
- International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2024: Diabetes Technologies - Insulin Delivery.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2024Guideline
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Twelve-Month Follow-up from a Randomized Controlled Trial of Simplified Meal Announcement Versus Precise Carbohydrate Counting in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Using the MiniMed™ 780G Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2024Trial
- Participant Experiences of Low-Dose Empagliflozin Use as Adjunct Therapy to Hybrid Closed Loop: Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2023Trial
- A Randomized Crossover Pilot Study Evaluating Glucose Control During Exercise Initiated 1 or 2 h After a Meal in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Treated with an Automated Insulin Delivery System.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2023Trial
- Low-Dose Empagliflozin as Adjunct to Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Therapy in Adults With Suboptimally Controlled Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial.Diabetes care · 2023 · on this mapTrial
- Re-engineering insulin for oral delivery: structural modifications, advanced formulation strategies, and future directions.Drug delivery · 2026Review
- A wearable closed-loop insulin micropump toward a miniaturized artificial pancreas for diabetes.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Article
- Causal mediation pathways in continuous postprandial glucose monitoring for type 1 diabetes patients.npj metabolic health and disease · 2026Article
- Glucose-Responsive Nanomedicine in Diabetes Therapy: Emerging Advances and Clinical Prospects.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Real-World Glucometric Outcomes of the MiniMed 780G Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System in Users with Type 1 Diabetes in Spain.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Article
- Real-World Performance of the MiniMed 780G Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop Automated Insulin Delivery System in Greece.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Article
- Identifying barriers to diabetes technology use: LIFESTEPS, a newly developed clinical support tool for healthcare professionals.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- Review
- Physical activity and hybrid closed loop technology in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus - what are the challenges experienced by the users and how are these met? A qualitative interview study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop Systems in Pregnancy: A Retrospective Study of Women With Type 1 Diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Article
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Advances in diabetes technologies have enabled the development of automated closed-loop insulin delivery systems. Several hybrid closed-loop systems have been commercialised, reflecting rapid transition of this evolving technology from research into clinical practice, where it is gradually transforming the management of type 1 diabetes in children and adults. In this review we consider the supporting evidence in terms of glucose control and quality of life for presently available closed-loop systems and those in development, including dual-hormone closed-loop systems. We also comment on alternative 'do-it-yourself' closed-loop systems. We remark on issues associated with clinical adoption of these approaches, including training provision, and consider limitations of presently available closed-loop systems and areas for future enhancements to further improve outcomes and reduce the burden of diabetes management.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.