Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33549105›Full record

ArticleJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2021

Validation of IMU-based gait event detection during curved walking and turning in older adults and Parkinson's Disease patients.

Robbin Romijnders, Elke Warmerdam, Clint Hansen, Julius Welzel, Gerhard Schmidt, Walter Maetzler

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
26.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.

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  10. Automatic gait EVENT detection in older adults during perturbed walking.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Robbin RomijndersDigital Signal Processing and System Theory, Institute of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany. robr@tf.uni-kiel.de.ORCID 0000-0002-2507-0924
Elke WarmerdamDigital Signal Processing and System Theory, Institute of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany.
Clint HansenNeurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus D, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
Julius WelzelNeurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus D, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
Gerhard SchmidtDigital Signal Processing and System Theory, Institute of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany.
Walter MaetzlerNeurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus D, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · DEUniversity Hospital Schleswig-Holstein · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIdentification of individual gait events is essential for clinical gait analysis, because it can be used for diagnostic purposes or tracking disease progression in neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Previous research has shown that gait events can be detected from a shank-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU), however detection performance was often evaluated only from straight-line walking. For use in daily life, the detection performance needs to be evaluated in curved walking and turning as well as in single-task and dual-task conditions.

methodsParticipants (older adults, people with Parkinson's disease, or people who had suffered from a stroke) performed three different walking trials: (1) straight-line walking, (2) slalom walking, (3) Stroop-and-walk trial. An optical motion capture system was used a reference system. Markers were attached to the heel and toe regions of the shoe, and participants wore IMUs on the lateral sides of both shanks. The angular velocity of the shank IMUs was used to detect instances of initial foot contact (IC) and final foot contact (FC), which were compared to reference values obtained from the marker trajectories.

resultsThe detection method showed high recall, precision and F1 scores in different populations for both initial contacts and final contacts during straight-line walking (IC: recall [Formula: see text] 100%, precision [Formula: see text] 100%, F1 score [Formula: see text] 100%; FC: recall [Formula: see text] 100%, precision [Formula: see text] 100%, F1 score [Formula: see text] 100%), slalom walking (IC: recall [Formula: see text] 100%, precision [Formula: see text] 99%, F1 score [Formula: see text]100%; FC: recall [Formula: see text] 100%, precision [Formula: see text] 99%, F1 score [Formula: see text]100%), and turning (IC: recall [Formula: see text] 85%, precision [Formula: see text] 95%, F1 score [Formula: see text]91%; FC: recall [Formula: see text] 84%, precision [Formula: see text] 95%, F1 score [Formula: see text]89%).

conclusionsShank-mounted IMUs can be used to detect gait events during straight-line walking, slalom walking and turning. However, more false events were observed during turning and more events were missed during turning. For use in daily life we recommend identifying turning before extracting temporal gait parameters from identified gait events.

Indexed as

Wearable Electronic DevicesAgedFemaleFootGait AnalysisHumansMaleMiddle AgedParkinson DiseaseSignal Processing, Computer-AssistedStrokeWalkingGaitGyroscopeOlder adultsParkinsonStep detectionStrokeTurnsWalkingWearable sensors

Identifiers

PMID33549105
PMCPMC7866479
OpenAlexW3118945926

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.