SynthesisJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2021
Systematic Review: How the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Polygenic Risk Score Adds to Our Understanding of ADHD and Associated Traits.
Synthesis in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of neuroimaging studies of adults aged 35 and older with clinical, symptomatic and genetic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Genetic and Environmental Contributions To Gender Diversity: A Systematic Review of the Twin Literature.Behavior genetics · 2025Pooled it
- Transcriptomic risk scores for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Parent training tailored for parents with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Multivariate genetic analyses test for the presence of a general 'JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Age at Diagnosis and Clinical and Genetic Profiles Among Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Association Between the Genetic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Cognitive Function in Older Age: The MYHAT Population-Based Study.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2026Article
- The neurodevelopmental spectrum: phenotypic architecture, etiology, predictive utility, and specificity across development.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- A comprehensive overview of the biological foundations of ADHD.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- ADHD and intelligence polygenic scores associations with developmental dimensions in children with attention, learning and memory difficulties.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- ADHD and intelligence polygenic scores associations with developmental dimensions in children with attention, learning and memory difficulties.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Adult ADHD with comorbid major depression shows a distinguishable polygenic pattern and negative cognitive style.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Review
- Correction: Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- ADHD polygenic risk predicts neural signatures of cognitive control: Evidence from midfrontal theta dynamics.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations between genetic predisposition to mental health problems and academic achievement: a developmental perspective using two population-based cohorts.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Communication across autism, ADHD, and non-clinical groups: examining autistic and ADHD traits from a dimensional perspective.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Phenotypic Correlates of the Autism Polygenic Score.JAACAP open · 2025Article
- Common and rare genetic variants explain distinct diagnostic variance in pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics · 2025Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate, by systematically reviewing the literature, whether the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) polygenic risk score (PRS) associates with ADHD and related traits in independent clinical and population samples.
methodPubMed, Embase and PsychoInfo were systematically searched, alongside study bibliographies. Quality assessments were conducted, and a best-evidence synthesis was applied. Studies were excluded when the predictor was not based on the latest ADHD genome-wide association study, when PRS was not based on genome-wide results, or when the study was a review. Initially, 197 studies were retrieved (February 22, 2020), and a second search (June 3, 2020) yielded a further 49 studies. From both searches, 57 studies were eligible, and 44 studies met inclusion criteria.
resultsIncluded studies were published in the last 3 years. Over 80% of the studies were rated excellent, based on a standardized quality assessment. Evidence of associations between ADHD PRS and the following categories was strong: ADHD, ADHD traits, brain structure, education, externalizing behaviors, neuropsychological constructs, physical health, and socioeconomic status. Evidence for associations with addiction, autism, and mental health were mixed and were, so far, inconclusive. Odds ratios for PRS associating with ADHD ranged from 1.22% to 1.76%; variance explained in dimensional assessments of ADHD traits was 0.7% to 3.3%.
conclusionA new wave of high-quality research using the ADHD PRS has emerged. Eventually, symptoms may be partly identified based on PRS, but the current ADHD PRS is useful for research purposes only. This review shows that the ADHD PRS is robust and reliable, associating not only with ADHD but many outcomes and challenges known to be linked to ADHD.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.