ReviewThe European journal of neuroscience2022
Forced swim stressor: Trends in usage and mechanistic consideration.
Review in The European journal of neuroscience, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like model in mice: meta-analysis and systematic evaluation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Adaptogenic-Like Potential of Bauhinia forficata Leaf Extracts: Behavioral and Oxidative Outcomes in an Acute Stress Mouse Model.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Continuous OFT-Based Behavioral Phenotyping Reveals Neural Stem Cell-Associated Shifts in Depression-like Mice.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Lateral septal PACAP signaling regulates stress and anxiety reactions.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Variation in cocaine responses across genetically diverse mouse strains.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Phenotype-Specific Transcriptomic Responses to Glucocorticoid Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex and Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Following Chronic Social Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- 2-Phenyl-3-(Phenylselanyl)Benzofuran As a Promising Antidepressant Candidate: Mechanistic Insights Into Nitrergic Modulation and Subchronic Efficacy and Safety Profiling.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Corticosterone Administration, Chronic Restraint Stress, and Their Combination for Depression-like Behavioral and Molecular Alterations in Mice: A Multi-Domain Assessment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Integrated Chemical, In Silico, and Functional Neurobehavioral Evaluation of Three Essential Oils in Acute Anxiety- and Depression-Related Mouse Models.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Temporal multi-omic exploration of the ventral tegmental area in chronic pain and passive coping behaviors.iScience · 2026Article
- Distinct Molecular Responses to Ketamine and Imipramine in Cortical and Striatal Regions Following Acute Swim Stress.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Engaging Gut-to-Brain Signalling to Treat Alcohol Use Disorder.Addiction biology · 2026Article
- Prefrontal contribution to passive coping behaviour in chronic stress and treatment by fast-acting antidepressant.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Reverse Translation.Perspectives on behavior science · 2026Article
- Article
- Computational modeling reveals cognitive processes in simple rodent depression tests.Cell reports methods · 2025Article
- Individual differences in stress coping are linked to working memory performance in male and female F344 rats.Physiology & behavior · 2025Article
- Effect of gestational exposure to dim light at night on the behavior of rat dams and offspring.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prefrontal cortex-nucleus reuniens-hippocampus network exhibits sex-differentiated responses to stress and antidepressant treatment in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The acquired immobility response during the "forced swim test (FST)" is not a rodent model of depression, but the test has some validity in predicting a compound's antidepressant potential. Nevertheless, 60% of the about 600 papers that were published annually the past 2 years label the rodent's immobility response as depression-like behaviour, but the relative contribution per country is changing. When the Editors-in-Chief of 5 journals publishing most FST papers were asked for their point of view on labelling immobility as depression-like behaviour and despair, they responded that they primarily rely on the reviewers regarding scientific merit of the submission. One Editor informs authors of the recent NIMH notice (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-MH-19-053.html) which encourages investigators to use animal models "for" addressing neurobiological questions rather than as model "of" specific mental disorders. The neurobiological questions raised by use of the FST fall in two categories. First, research on the role of endocrine and metabolic factors, with roots in the 1980s, and with focus on the bottom-up action of glucocorticoids on circuits processing salient information, executive control and memory consolidation. Second, recent findings using novel technological and computational advances that have allowed great progress in charting top-down control in the switch from active to passive coping with the inescapable stressor executed by neuronal ensembles of the medial prefrontal cortex via the peri-aquaductal grey. It is expected that combining neural top-down and endocrine bottom-up approaches will provide new insights in the role of stress-coping and adaptation in pathogenesis of mental disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.