Trial reportAnnals of neurology2021
Inflammatory Cytokine Patterns Associated with Neurological Diseases in Coronavirus Disease 2019.
Trial report in Annals of neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in COVID-19: a review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in patients with COVID-19-associated central nervous system manifestations: a systematic review.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2022Pooled it
- Interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors as therapeutic agents for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of infection and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Serum NSE and EEG sleep figures for prognostication of short-term outcomes in adults with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a prospective single-center study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Central nervous system and systemic inflammatory networks associated with acute neurological outcomes in COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in patients with severe COVID-19 neurological outcomes and Alzheimer's disease.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Environmental exposures and familial background alter the induction of neuropathology and inflammation after SARS-CoV-2 infection.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Pharmacological mechanisms of probenecid for SARS-CoV-2 and RSV co-infection: findings of system pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and structure-activity relationship.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Periodic blinking manipulation of magnetic Janus particles with a tunable electromagnetic field for rapid sensing of extracellular vesicles.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular and kidney diseases are positively associated with neuroinflammation and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with severe COVID-19.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Article
- Changes in neuroinflammatory biomarkers correlate with disease severity and neuroimaging alterations in patients with COVID-19 neurological complications.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Neuropsychiatric complications of coronavirus disease 2019: Mount Sinai Health System cohort study.Journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Neuropsychological Symptoms and Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Children: A Survey in a Pediatric Population in the Abruzzo Region, Italy.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Structural and functional brain markers of cognitive impairment in healthcare workers following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection during the original stream.Brain communications · 2024Article
- Case report of meningoencephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection showing a decrease in idiopathic focal cerebral blood flow.SAGE open medical case reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its Receptor Binding Domain Stimulate Release of Different Pro-Inflammatory Mediators via Activation of Distinct Receptors on Human Microglia Cells.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Biomarkers for Critically Ill Patients: A Compendium for the Physician.Neurology international · 2023Review
- Brain imaging and neuropsychological assessment of individuals recovered from a mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can present with distinct neurological manifestations. This study shows that inflammatory neurological diseases were associated with increased levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), and CXCL10 in the cerebrospinal fluid. Conversely, encephalopathy was associated with high serum levels of IL-6, CXCL8, and active tumor growth factor β1. Inflammatory syndromes of the central nervous system in COVID-19 can appear early, as a parainfectious process without significant systemic involvement, or without direct evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neuroinvasion. At the same time, encephalopathy is mainly influenced by peripheral events, including inflammatory cytokines. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1041-1045.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.