Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33547298›Full record

ArticleNPJ biofilms and microbiomes2021

Biofilms harbour Clostridioides difficile, serving as a reservoir for recurrent infection.

Charmaine Normington, Ines B Moura, Jessica A Bryant, Duncan J Ewin, Emma V Clark, Morgan J Kettle, Hannah C Harris, William Spittal, Georgina Davis, Matthew R Henn and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ biofilms and microbiomes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
48citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

48 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The prevalence and molecular epidemiology ofEmerging microbes & infections · 2026
    Observational
  2. Disruption ofJournal of medical microbiology · 2026
    Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Acidification-dependent suppression ofInfection and immunity · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Vancomycin tolerance and dispersion of dual species biofilms ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  8. Acidification-dependent suppression ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  9. Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Dual Fluorescent Labeling for Bacterial Aggregation Assays.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Unravelling three-way interactions betweenJournal of medical microbiology · 2025
    Review
  14. Effect of Pefloxacin onAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
  15. Community-AcquiredInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Review
  16. Journal of bacteriology · 2025
    Review
  17. Review
  18. Characterization ofMicroorganisms · 2024
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Charmaine NormingtonHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-3241-8642
Ines B MouraHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-3019-7196
Jessica A BryantMicrobiome Sciences, Seres Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8958-4345
Duncan J EwinHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK.
Emma V ClarkHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK.
Morgan J KettleHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK.
Hannah C HarrisHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7575-0752
William SpittalHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK.
Georgina DavisHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK.
Matthew R HennMicrobiome Sciences, Seres Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8734-5797
Christopher B FordMicrobiome Sciences, Seres Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
Mark H WilcoxHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK.
Anthony M BuckleyHealthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 9JT, UK. A.Buckley1@Leeds.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-2790-0717

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

C. difficile infection (CDI) is a worldwide healthcare problem with ~30% of cases failing primary therapy, placing a burden on healthcare systems and increasing patient morbidity. We have little understanding of why these therapies fail. Here, we use a clinically validated in vitro gut model to assess the contribution of biofilms towards recurrent disease and to investigate biofilm microbiota-C. difficile interactions. Initial experiments show that C. difficile cells became associated with the colonic biofilm microbiota and are not depleted by vancomycin or faecal microbiota transplant therapies. We observe that transferring biofilm encased C. difficile cells into a C. difficile naïve but CDI susceptible model induces CDI. Members of the biofilm community can impact C. difficile biofilm formation by acting either antagonistically or synergistically. We highlight the importance of biofilms as a reservoir for C. difficile, which can be a cause for recurrent infections.

Indexed as

AgedAged, 80 and overBacteriological TechniquesBiofilmsClostridioides difficileClostridium InfectionsColonFecal Microbiota TransplantationHumansMiddle AgedModels, BiologicalReinfectionVancomycinVancomycin

Identifiers

PMID33547298
PMCPMC7864922

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.