SynthesisThorax2021
Recurrent TB: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence rates and the proportions of relapses and reinfections.
Synthesis in Thorax, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Treatment shortening and relapse control in drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Diabetes as a risk factor for tuberculosis disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Undernutrition as a risk factor for tuberculosis disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis recurrence, relapse and reinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Pooled it
- A pharmacometric multistate model for predicting long-term treatment outcomes of patients with pulmonary TB.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Trial
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection history on the clinical features and outcomes of patients with recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis: a retrospective case-control study.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease in a Tuberculosis-Endemic Setting: Two Cases Illustrating Diagnostic Pitfalls.Reports (MDPI) · 2026Article
- Cured but not healed: high burden of pulmonary disability and multimorbidity among TB survivors in India.Public health action · 2026Article
- The role of neighborhood factors in the cumulative number of episodes of recurrent tuberculosis in Cape Town.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Article
- Quality of life among people with tuberculosis in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a qualitative study.BMC global and public health · 2026Article
- Factors Involved in Tuberculosis Recurrence in a Low-incidence Setting; Reactivation Predominates Over Reinfection in a 30-year Surveillance Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Host response biomarkers of tuberculosis recurrence and treatment failure.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Time to incidence of tuberculosis and its predictors among adult HIV/AIDS patients who initiated ART by the Universal Test and Treat approach in Silte Zone, Ethiopia, 2023.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Facilitating and Hindering Factors in Discharge Preparation During the Hospital-to-Home Transition Period for Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients: A Qualitative Study.Patient preference and adherence · 2026Article
- Post-tuberculosis lung disease.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2026Review
- An Uncommon Case of Recurring Pulmonary, Lymphatic, and Skeletal Tuberculosis Accompanied by Myositis: Is It Associated with Particular Resistance?International medical case reports journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Host-intrinsic and host-extrinsic factors modulate immunity to Mtb infection, reinfection, and noncanonical vaccination routes.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Review
- Characterizing PET CT patterns and bacterial dissemination features of tuberculosis relapse in the macaque model.Infection and immunity · 2025Article
- Post-tuberculosis lung disease: towards prevention, diagnosis, and care.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA recurrent tuberculosis (TB) episode results from exogenous reinfection or relapse after cure. The use of genotyping allows the distinction between both.
methodsWe did a systematic review and meta-analysis, using four databases to search for studies in English, French and Spanish published between 1 January 1980 and 30 September 2020 that assessed recurrences after TB treatment success and/or differentiated relapses from reinfections using genotyping. We calculated person years of follow-up and performed random-effects model meta-analysis for estimating pooled recurrent TB incidence rates and proportions of relapses and reinfections. We performed subgroup analyses by clinical-epidemiological factors and by methodological study characteristics.
findingsThe pooled recurrent TB incidence rate was 2.26 per 100 person years at risk (95% CI 1.87 to 2.73; 145 studies). Heterogeneity was high (I
interpretationThe risk of recurrent TB is substantial and relapse is consistently the most frequent form of recurrence. Notwithstanding, with increasing background TB incidence the proportion of reinfections increases and the predominance of relapses among recurrences decreases. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018077867.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.