ArticlePharmaceutics2021
Live Vaccinia Virus-Coated Microneedle Array Patches for Smallpox Vaccination and Stockpiling.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development and evaluation of recombinant Varicella-Zoster virus glycoprotein E protein microneedles for enhanced pediatric vaccine delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Research Progress of Microneedles in Vaccine Delivery.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Recent Advancements in Non-Invasive Vaccination Strategies.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Progressive microneedles for targeting and intelligent drug delivery.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
- Beyond the Needle: Innovative Microneedle-Based Transdermal Vaccination.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Microneedles in biomedicine: Innovations, challenges, and future prospects.Biomaterials translational · 2025Review
- Development and Evaluation of Five-in-One Vaccine Microneedle Array Patch for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, andPharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Exploration of the Delivery of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus by Gelatin Methacryloyl Microneedles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Exploiting Unique Features of Microneedles to Modulate Immunity.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2023Review
- Microneedles: An Emerging Vaccine Delivery Tool and a Prospective Solution to the Challenges of SARS-CoV-2 Mass Vaccination.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Recent Advancement of Medical Patch for Transdermal Drug Delivery.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Review
- Evaluating immunogenicity of pathogen-derived T-cell epitopes to design a peptide-based smallpox vaccine.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Microneedle-Based Vaccine Delivery: Review of an Emerging Technology.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2022Review
- Low-Temperature Multiple Micro-Dispensing on Microneedles for Accurate Transcutaneous Smallpox Vaccination.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Nanovaccine Delivery Approaches and Advanced Delivery Systems for the Prevention of Viral Infections: From Development to Clinical Application.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Microneedle arrays integrated with living organisms for smart biomedical applications.Theranostics · 2021Review
- Application of microneedle patches for drug delivery; doorstep to novel therapies.Journal of tissue engineeringReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although smallpox has been eradicated globally, the potential use of the smallpox virus in bioterrorism indicates the importance of stockpiling smallpox vaccines. Considering the advantages of microneedle-based vaccination over conventional needle injections, in this study, we examined the feasibility of microneedle-based smallpox vaccination as an alternative approach for stockpiling smallpox vaccines. We prepared polylactic acid (PLA) microneedle array patches by micromolding and loaded a second-generation smallpox vaccine on the microneedle tips via dip coating. We evaluated the effect of excipients and drying conditions on vaccine stability in vitro and examined immune responses in female BALB/c mice by measuring neutralizing antibodies and interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells. Approximately 40% of the virus titer was reduced during the vaccine-coating process, with or without excipients. At -20 °C, the smallpox vaccine coated on the microneedles was stable up to 6 months. Compared to natural evaporation, vacuum drying was more efficient in improving the smallpox vaccine stability. Microneedle-based vaccination of the mice elicited neutralizing antibodies beginning 3 weeks after immunization; the levels were maintained for 12 weeks. It significantly increased IFN-γ-secreting cells 12 weeks after priming, indicating the induction of cellular immune responses. The smallpox-vaccine-coated microneedles could serve as an alternative delivery system for vaccination and stockpiling.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.