ArticleNature2021
SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection.
Erratum issuedOpen access · bronzeAbstract readCase Reports
In one paragraph
Article in Nature, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 642 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
642citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
62.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
642 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,069 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Immunocompromised Persons.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Early, very high-titre convalescent plasma therapy in clinically vulnerable individuals with mild COVID-19: an international, randomised, open-label trial.EBioMedicine · 2025Trial
- Characterization of Treatment Resistance and Viral Kinetics in the Setting of Single-Active Versus Dual-Active Monoclonal Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Review
- Within-host SARS-CoV-2 diversity in immunocompromised patients during acute infection.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Standing HA phenotypic breadth shapes H5N1 cross-host potential.Research square · 2026Article
- Viral syncytia evolve to resist interferon.Nature communications · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant re-emerges in US farmed mink and free-ranging white-tailed deer in 2022-2023.Nature communications · 2026Article
- COVID-19 vaccination induces cross-neutralisation of sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-2.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection reveals imprinted antibody responses in the absence of vaccination.iScience · 2026Article
- Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Structural and Accessory Proteins: Emerging Opportunities for Small-Molecule Coronavirus Antivirals.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 intra-host viral diversity associated with host innate and vaccine-induced immunity in an obese mouse model.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Extensive evolution and T cell escape by SARS-CoV-2 in a 2.5-year persistent infection of an immunocompromised host.iScience · 2026Article
- Structural Constraints Acting on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Reveal Limited Space for Viral Adaptation.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Prospective Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Seroconversion in Patients with Haematological Malignancies.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Antibody escape drives emergence of diverse spike haplotypes resembling variants of concern in persistent SARS-CoV-2 infections.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Back to the wildtype: SARS-CoV-2 evolution in critically ill patients with severe lung failure.Infection · 2026Article
- SIMPLICITY is an agent-based, multi-scale mathematical model to study SARS-CoV-2 intra- and between-host evolution.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Linkage-aware inference of fitness from short-read time-series genomic data.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
582 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Update of
Authors and funding
37 authors at 20 institutions in 6 countries.
Steven A Kemp *Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
Dami A Collier *Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5446-4423
Rawlings P Datir *Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
Isabella A T M FerreiraCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
Salma GayedDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
Aminu JahunDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4585-1701
Myra HosmilloDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Chloe Rees-SpearDivision of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
Petra MlcochovaCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
Ines Ushiro LumbNHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
David J RobertsNHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Anita ChandraCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
Nigel TempertonViral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7978-3815
CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration
COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium
Katherine SharrocksDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
Elizabeth BlaneDepartment of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Yorgo ModisCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-0429
Kendra E LeighCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
John A G BriggsMedical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3990-6910
Marit J van GilsDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Kenneth G C SmithCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
John R BradleyDepartment of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Chris SmithDepartment of Virology, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
Rainer DoffingerDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
Lourdes Ceron-GutierrezDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
Gabriela Barcenas-MoralesDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
David D PollockBiochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
Richard A GoldsteinDivision of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5148-4672
Anna SmielewskaDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Jordan P SkittrallDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8228-3758
Theodore GouliourisDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
Ian G GoodfellowDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Effrossyni Gkrania-KlotsasDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0930-8330
Christopher J R IllingworthDepartment of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Laura E McCoyDivision of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-7946
Ravindra K GuptaCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. rkg20@cam.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9751-1808
Wellcome Sanger Institute · GBUniversity of Cambridge · GBPublic Health England · GBPublic Health Wales · GBCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · GBMRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research · GBUniversity of Sheffield · GBUniversity College London · GBUniversity of Oxford · GBUniversity of Liverpool · GBUniversity of Birmingham · GBUniversity of Exeter · GBQuadram Institute · GBQueen's Medical Centre · GBUniversity of Nottingham · GBUniversity of Warwick · GBCardiff University · GBGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust · GBImperial College London · GBUniversity of Portsmouth · GB
Funding
Modeling evolution of functional context in proteinsR01GM083127 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI POLLOCK, DAVID D · 2009 to 2019
$2.7MBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/P007562/1Department of Health RP-PG-0514-20018Medical Research Council G0701652Medical Research Council MC_PC_19027Medical Research Council MC_UP_1201/16Medical Research Council MC_UU_00002/11Medical Research Council MR/R008698/1Medical Research Council MR/R015600/1NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM083127Wellcome Trust 108082Wellcome Trust 204911/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 206618/Z/17/ZWellcome Trust 207498Wellcome Trust 217191
Abstract
The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for virus infection through the engagement of the human ACE2 protein
Indexed as
COVID-19 Drug TreatmentEvolution, MolecularAdenosine MonophosphateAgedAlanineAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralChronic DiseaseCOVID-19COVID-19 SerotherapyGenome, ViralHigh-Throughput Nucleotide SequencingHumansImmune EvasionImmune ToleranceImmunization, PassiveAdenosine MonophosphateAlanineAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralMutant ProteinsremdesivirSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.