ReviewPathogens and disease2021
Fungal immunity and pathogenesis in mammals versus the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella.
Review in Pathogens and disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review of innate immune responses againstFrontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of the HDAC6/8 Inhibitor MC1568, Alone and in Combination With Fluconazole, in Non-Albicans Candida Species Infections.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Infection by Different Clades of Candidozyma auris in a Galleria mellonella Model: Determining Virulence Levels.Mycopathologia · 2026Article
- Article
- Candidozyma auris-infected Galleria mellonella larvae: the effect of the humanized monoclonal antibody Dia-T51 and its synergy with amphotericin B.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2026Article
- PiggyBac-mediated transgenesis and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella.Lab animal · 2026Article
- Prophylactic oral Limosilactobacillus fermentum DSM 34872 protects Galleria mellonella from gut-associated pathogens.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Review
- Carvacrol Reduces Virulence Traits inMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- The dynamics ofmSphere · 2025Article
- Toxicity Assessment and Antifungal Potential of Copper(II) and Silver(I) Complexes with 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione Against Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Dynamics ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Review
- Paracoccidioides lutzii Infects Galleria mellonella Employing Formamidase as a Virulence Factor.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Identification of Virulence Factors in Isolates ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Exploring accidental virulence.eLife · 2024Article
- Bacteriophage steering ofJournal of bacteriology · 2023Article
- Hyphae ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A Falciformispora senegalensis grain model in Galleria mellonella larvae.Medical mycology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In recent decades, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) have emerged as a model system to explore experimental aspects of fungal pathogenesis. The benefits of the G. mellonella model include being faster, cheaper, higher throughput and easier compared with vertebrate models. Additionally, as invertebrates, their use is subject to fewer ethical and regulatory issues. However, for G. mellonella models to provide meaningful insight into fungal pathogenesis, the G. mellonella-fungal interactions must be comparable to mammalian-fungal interactions. Indeed, as discussed in the review, studies suggest that G. mellonella and mammalian immune systems share many similarities, and fungal virulence factors show conserved functions in both hosts. While the moth model has opened novel research areas, many comparisons are superficial and leave large gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed concerning specific mechanisms underlying G. mellonella-fungal interactions. Closing these gaps in understanding will strengthen G. mellonella as a model for fungal virulence in the upcoming years. In this review, we provide comprehensive comparisons between fungal pathogenesis in mammals and G. mellonella from immunological and virulence perspectives. When information on an antifungal immune component is unknown in G. mellonella, we include findings from other well-studied Lepidoptera. We hope that by outlining this information available in related species, we highlight areas of needed research and provide a framework for understanding G. mellonella immunity and fungal interactions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.