ReviewThe British journal of radiology2021
Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge: indications and imaging findings.
Review in The British journal of radiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Towards Standardized Language to Describe the Pathological Enhancement of the Nipple in NAC-Infiltrating Breast Tumors: A Retrospective Case Series Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An update on multimodal imaging strategies for nipple discharge: from detection to decision.Insights into imaging · 2025Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Independent Risk Factors for Pathologic Nipple Discharge of 375 Cases.The breast journal · 2025Article
- The Use of MRI to Detect Malignancy in a Patient Presenting With Unilateral Bloody Nipple Discharge.Cureus · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pathologic nipple discharge (PND) is typically unilateral, spontaneous, involves a single duct, and is serous or bloody in appearance. In patients with PND, breast MRI can be helpful as an additional diagnostic tool when conventional imaging with mammogram and ultrasound are negative. MRI is able to detect the etiology of nipple discharge in 56-61% of cases when initial imaging with mammogram and ultrasound are negative. Advantages to using MRI in evaluation of PND include good visualization of the retroareolar breast and better evaluation of posterior lesions which may not be well evaluated on mammograms and galactograms. It is also less invasive compared to central duct excision. Papillomas and nipple adenomas are benign breast masses that can cause PND and are well visualized on MRI. Ductal ectasia, and infectious etiologies such as mastitis, abscess, and fistulas are additional benign causes of PND that are well evaluated with MRI. MRI is also excellent for evaluation of malignant causes of PND including Paget's disease, ductal carcinoma
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Registered trials
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