ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2021
Revealing How Color Vision Phenotype and Genotype Manifest in Individual Cone Cells.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating Human Rod Photoreceptor Function Using Pixelwise Intensity-Based Optoretinography.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- ƒ(Cell): Software for Reproducible Analysis of Optoretinograms.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Rapid test for detecting red-green color vision deficiencies using a neural network-assisted color-naming task.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Structural analysis of cone photoreceptors in AO-OCT enables S-cone identification by a support vector machine classifier.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- Integrated fixation and stimulus channel for adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Peak Cone Density Predicted from Outer Segment Length Measured on Optical Coherence Tomography.Current eye research · 2024Article
- Little information loss with red-green color deficient vision in natural environments.iScience · 2023Article
- Adaptive Optics Imaging of Inherited Retinal Disease.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2023Review
- Evolution of adaptive optics retinal imaging [Invited].Biomedical optics express · 2023Review
- Characterizing cone spectral classification by optoretinography.Biomedical optics express · 2022Article
- Foveal Cone Structure in Patients With Blue Cone Monochromacy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Assessment of photoreceptor function with ultrafast retinal densitometry.Biomedical optics express · 2022Article
- Extraction of phase-based optoretinograms (ORG) from serial B-scans acquired over tens of seconds by mouse retinal raster scanning OCT system.Biomedical optics express · 2021Article
- Cone photoreceptor dysfunction in retinitis pigmentosa revealed by optoretinography.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Reflective mirror-based line-scan adaptive optics OCT for imaging retinal structure and function.Biomedical optics express · 2021Article
- Human Foveal Cone and Müller Cells Examined by Adaptive Optics Optical Coherence Tomography.Translational vision science & technology · 2021Article
- Adaptive optics for high-resolution imaging.Nature reviews. Methods primers · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: Psychophysical and genetic testing provide substantial information about color vision phenotype and genotype. However, neither reveals how color vision phenotypes and genotypes manifest themselves in individual cones, where color vision and its anomalies are thought to originate. Here, we use adaptive-optics phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (AO-PSOCT) to investigate these relationships. Methods: We used AO-PSOCT to measure cone function-optical response to light stimulation-in each of 16 human subjects with different phenotypes and genotypes of color vision (five color-normal, three deuteranopic, two protanopic, and six deuteranomalous trichromatic subjects). We classified three spectral types of cones (S, M, and L), and we measured cone structure-namely cone density, cone mosaic arrangement, and spatial arrangement of cone types. Results: For the different phenotypes, our cone function results show that (1) color normals possess S, M, and L cones; (2) deuteranopes are missing M cones but are normal otherwise; (3) protanopes are missing L cones but are normal otherwise; and (4) deuteranomalous trichromats are missing M cones but contain evidence of at least two subtypes of L cones. Cone function was consistent with the subjects' genotype in which only the first two M and L genes in the gene array are expressed and was correlated with the estimated spectral separation between photopigments, including in the deuteranomalous trichromats. The L/M cone ratio was highly variable in the color normals. No association was found between cone density and the genotypes and phenotypes investigated, and the cone mosaic arrangement was altered in the dichromats. Conclusions: AO-PSOCT is a novel method for assessing color vision phenotype and genotype in single cone cells.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.