ArticleSaudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society
The prevalence of refractive errors among Saudi adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Article in Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Behavioral and Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Vision-Related Quality of Life in Keratoconus: A Cross-Sectional Study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the association between myopia and ocular biometric parameters by scheimpflug technology in Saudi Arabia.International ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Distribution of refractive errors and horizontal concomitant strabismus in Iraqi children.PloS one · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of educational intervention on knowledge of B.Sc. Nursing Students Regarding Bates Therapy for Visual Problems.Journal of education and health promotion · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of Low-Dose Atropine (0.01% to 0.05%) in Reducing Myopia Progression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Parents' Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Pediatric Ophthalmic Disorders in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Pediatric reports · 2024Article
- Perception and awareness of the public about presbyopia and its corrective approaches in Saudi Arabia: a population-based survey.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Magnitude and Determinants of Awareness Regarding Refractive Surgeries Among Saudi Adults.Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Myopia and Its Related Factors Among University Students in Madinah, Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2023Article
- Perspectives and clinical practices of optometrists in Saudi Arabia concerning myopia in children.International journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- The Perception of Spectacles Use Among the General Population in Ha'il Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Factors contributing to spectacle intolerance: Insights from a multicenter study in Saudi Arabia.Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological SocietyArticle
- Prevalence of refractive errors and non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies in symptomatic and asymptomatic university students in Saudi Arabia.Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological SocietyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo determine the prevalence of refractive errors among Saudi adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted targeting healthy Saudi adults (20-40 years old) at two major gatherings in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from December 2018 to January 2019. Refractive errors were measured, and data pertaining to age, sex, region of origin, and spectacle use was collected. Clinically significant myopia was defined as SE ≥ -0.50 D, hyperopia as SE ≥ 0.50D, and astigmatism as cylindrical error ≥ 0.50D. Refractive error measurements were assessed using Topcon's Auto-Kerato-Refractometer, KR-800.
resultsA total of 660 adult individuals (1,319 eyes) were included in this study, of which 321 participants (48.7%) were found to be myopes, 167 subjects (25.2%) were hyperopes, and 438 individuals (66.3%) had astigmatism. With regards to correlations, myopia was highly correlated with being male (
conclusionIn this study, the refractive error with the highest prevalence among Saudis was astigmatism, followed by myopia and hyperopia. Gender, region of origin, and spectacle wear were all observed to be highly correlated with higher rates of refractive error.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.