ArticleScientific reports2021
Blood lead level and risk of hypertension in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dirty Earth, Diseased Hearts: Soil, Water, and Plastic Pollution in the Cardiovascular Exposome.Anatolian journal of cardiology · 2026Article
- A "Grounded in Health" Fair: Applying Environmental Health Approaches in a Cross-Specialty Community-Based Initiative.Environmental health insights · 2026Article
- The association between whole-blood lead concentration and all-cause or cardiovascular disease mortality in hypertensive patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- 'Ayurveda', hyperemesis and anaemia in pregnancy.Obstetric medicine · 2025Article
- The Association Between Blood Lead Levels and Urgency Urinary Incontinence Among Adult Females: A Retrospective Study Based on NHANES 2005-2020.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Environmental Toxins and Oxidative Stress: The Link to Cardiovascular Diseases.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Environmental Hypertensionology and the Mosaic Theory of Hypertension.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2025Review
- Soil and water pollution and cardiovascular disease.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2025Review
- Metals on the Menu-Analyzing the Presence, Importance, and Consequences.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Environmental Exposures and Pediatric Cardiology: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
- Environmental exposure to lead and cadmium are associated with triglyceride glucose index.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Contribution of Declines in Blood Lead Levels to Reductions in Blood Pressure Levels: Longitudinal Evidence in the Strong Heart Family Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Chronic lead exposure and burden of cardiovascular disease during 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- Blood Homocysteine Levels Mediate the Association Between Blood Lead Levels and Cardiovascular Mortality.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2024Article
- Serum levels of lead are associated with venous thromboembolism: a retrospective study based on the NHANES database (1999 to 2018).Journal of thoracic disease · 2023Article
- High affinity of β-amyloid proteins to cerebral capillaries: implications in chronic lead exposure-induced neurotoxicity in rats.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2023Article
- Activity-to-sedentary ratio provides novel insight into mortality reduction among male survivors of cardiovascular disease in the United States: national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007-2014.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Association of multi-metals with the risk of hypertension and the interaction with obesity: A cross-sectional study in China.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Trends in global burden of diseases attributable to lead exposure in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- The health effects of low blood lead level in oxidative stress as a marker, serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level, in male steelworkers.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lead is a heavy metal without a biological role. High level of lead exposure is known to be associated with hypertension, but the risk at low levels of exposure is uncertain. In this study, data from US NHANES 1999-2016 were analyzed. Adults with blood lead and blood pressure measurements, or self-reported hypertension diagnosis, were included. If not already diagnosed, hypertension was defined according to the AHA/ACC 2017 hypertension guideline. Results were analyzed using R statistics version 3.5.1 with sample weight adjustment. Logistic regression was used to study the association between blood lead level and hypertension. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated. Altogether, 39,477 participants were included. Every doubling in blood lead level was associated with hypertension (OR [95%CI] 1.45 [1.40-1.50]), which remained significant after adjusting for demographics. Using quartile 1 as reference, higher blood lead levels were associated with increased adjusted odds of hypertension (Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1: 1.22 [1.09-1.36]; Quartile 3 vs. Quartile 1: 1.15 [1.04-1.28]; Quartile 2 vs. Quartile 1: 1.14 [1.05-1.25]). In conclusion, blood lead level is associated with hypertension in the general population with blood lead levels below 5 µg/dL. Our findings suggest that reducing present levels of environmental lead exposure may bring cardiovascular benefits by reducing blood pressure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.