ArticleBMJ open2021
Association among age, gender, menopausal status and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between serum lipids and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of international medical research · 2021Pooled it
- Epidemiological characteristics of serum small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: From 2017 to 2019 in Chengdu adults, China.Medicine · 2026Article
- Superior prognostic value of estimated small dense LDL cholesterol for cardiovascular risk assessment: evidence from international cohort studies.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Lipoprotein trajectories from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes with complications: a Chinese population-specific formula for sdLDL-C estimation.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Relationship of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level with pre-diabetes and newly detected type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cross-sectional analysis of dyslipidemia risk in coal mine workers: from epidemiology to animal models.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Age- and sex-related differences in risk factors for perioperative intra-aortic balloon pump application in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.Frontiers in surgery · 2024Article
- Determining the status of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in women undergoing menopausal transition.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Determinants of Lipid Parameters in Patients without Diagnosed Cardiovascular Disease-Results of the Polish Arm of the EUROASPIRE V Survey.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Atherogenic Plasma Index or Non-High-Density Lipoproteins as Markers Best Reflecting Age-Related High Concentrations of Small Dense Low-Density Lipoproteins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Atherosclerosis Development and Progression: The Role of Atherogenic Small, Dense LDL.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Excessive Visit-to-Visit Small and Dense Low-Density Lipoproteins Elevate Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Progression Risk in the Elderly.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesSmall dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) might be a better cardiovascular disease (CVD) indicator than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); however, details regarding its epidemiology remain elusive. The present study aimed at evaluating the association between the demographic factors, such as age, gender and menopausal status, and sdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio in the Japanese population.
designThis was a cross-sectional study.
setting13 rural districts in Japan, 2010-2017.
participantsThis study included 5208 participants (2397 men and 2811 women), who underwent the health mass screening that was conducted in accordance with the medical care system for the elderly and obtained informed consent for this study.
resultsIn total, 517 premenopausal women (mean age ±SD, 45.1±4.2 years), 2294 postmenopausal women (66.5±8.8 years) and 2397 men (64.1±11.2 years) were analysed. In men, the sdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio increased during younger adulthood, peaked (36.4 mg/dL, 0.35) at 50-54 years, and then decreased. In women, relatively regular increasing trends of sdLDL-C level and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio until approximately 65 years (32.7 mg/dL, 0.28), followed by a downward or pleated trend. Given the beta value of age, body mass index, fasting glucose and smoking and drinking status by multiple linear regression analysis, standardised sdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio in 50-year-old men, premenopausal women and postmenopausal women were 26.6, 22.7 and 27.4 mg/dL and 0.24, 0.15 and 0.23, respectively. The differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women were significant (p<0.001).
conclusionsSdLDL-C and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratios showed different distributions by age, gender and menopausal status. A subgroup-specific approach would be necessary to implement sdLDL-C for CVD prevention strategies, fully considering age-related trends, gender differences and menopausal status.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.