ArticlePLoS pathogens2021
Genome-wide dissection reveals diverse pathogenic roles of bacterial Tc toxins.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ancestral neuronal receptors are bacterial accessory toxins.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Discovery of a fungal Tc toxin complex and functional mycoserpin through a novel two-by-two comparative genomics approach.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Complete structures of the YenTc holotoxin prepore and pore reveal the evolutionary basis for chitinase incorporation into ABC toxins.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A family of lethal exotoxins defined by cell entry via the Attractin receptor.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Characterization of toxin systems of Paenibacillus strains isolated from honeybees.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Systematic discovery of antibacterial and antifungal bacterial toxins.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Review
- Stepwise assembly and release of Tc toxins from Yersinia entomophaga.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Yersinia entomophaga Tc toxin is released by T10SS-dependent lysis of specialized cell subpopulations.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Genome wide analysis revealed conserved domains involved in the effector discrimination of bacterial type VI secretion system.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Recent insights into mechanisms of cellular toxicity and cell recognition associated with the ABC family of pore-forming toxins.Biochemical Society transactions · 2023Article
- Identification of indocyanine green as a STT3B inhibitor against mushroom α-amanitin cytotoxicity.Nature communications · 2023Article
- New biochemistry in the Rhodanese-phosphatase superfamily: emerging roles in diverse metabolic processes, nucleic acid modifications, and biological conflicts.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2023Article
- Dissecting the invasion of Galleria mellonella by Yersinia enterocolitica reveals metabolic adaptations and a role of a phage lysis cassette in insect killing.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Article
- Apprehending the NADViruses · 2022Article
- Mechanism of threonine ADP-ribosylation of F-actin by a Tc toxin.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Diversity and function of arthropod endosymbiont toxins.Trends in microbiology · 2022Review
- VFDB 2022: a general classification scheme for bacterial virulence factors.Nucleic acids research · 2022Article
- Mounting, structure and autocleavage of a type VI secretion-associated Rhs polymorphic toxin.Nature communications · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tc toxins were originally identified in entomopathogenic bacteria, which are important as biological pest control agents. Tc toxins are heteromeric exotoxins composed of three subunit types, TcA, TcB, and TcC. The C-terminal portion of the TcC protein encodes the actual toxic domain, which is translocated into host cells by an injectosome nanomachine comprising the other subunits. Currently the pathogenic roles and distribution of Tc toxins among different bacterial genera remain unclear. Here we have performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis, and established a database that includes 1,608 identified Tc loci containing 2,528 TcC proteins in 1,421 Gram-negative and positive bacterial genomes. Our findings indicate that TcCs conform to the architecture of typical polymorphic toxins, with C-terminal hypervariable regions (HVR) encoding more than 100 different classes of putative toxic domains, most of which have not been previously recognized. Based on further analysis of Tc loci in the genomes of all Salmonella and Yersinia strains in EnteroBase, a "two-level" evolutionary dynamics scenario is proposed for TcC homologues. This scenario implies that the conserved TcC RHS core domain plays a critical role in the taxonomical specific distribution of TcC HVRs. This study provides an extensive resource for the future development of Tc toxins as valuable agrochemical tools. It furthermore implies that Tc proteins, which are encoded by a wide range of pathogens, represent an important versatile toxin superfamily with diverse pathogenic mechanisms.
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Registered trials
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