ArticlePLoS genetics2021
The Species-Specific Acquisition and Diversification of a K1-like Family of Killer Toxins in Budding Yeasts of the Saccharomycotina.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alanine scanning of the yeast killer toxin K2 reveals key residues for activity, gain-of-function variants, and supports prediction of precursor processing and 3D structure.Journal of structural biology: X · 2026Article
- Extrachromosomally co-encoded toxin-immunity pairs in yeast and their application potential.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Article
- Novel killer yeasts and toxins from the gardens of fungus-growing ants.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- The role of mitotype variation and positive epistasis in trait differences between Saccharomyces species.Genetics · 2026Article
- Genomic characterization and diversity of dsRNA viruses and their killer satellites in a natural population of the yeastVirus evolution · 2026Article
- ThemBio · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Structural and Functional Analysis ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The KillerMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- The Viral K1 Killer Yeast System: Toxicity, Immunity, and Resistance.Yeast (Chichester, England) · 2024Review
- Inhibition of diastatic yeasts byApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Natural trait variation across Saccharomycotina species.FEMS yeast research · 2024Review
- Greetings from virologists to mycologists: A review outlining viruses that live in fungi.Mycoscience · 2024Article
- The evolutionary ecology of fungal killer phenotypes.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Novel viruses of the family Partitiviridae discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Advanced Situation with Recombinant Toxins: Diversity, Production and Application Purposes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Discovery of a rapidly evolving yeast defense factor,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- The prevalence of killer yeasts and double-stranded RNAs in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.FEMS yeast research · 2023Article
- Article
- Expression of the K74 Killer Toxin from Saccharomyces paradoxus Is Modulated by the Toxin-Encoding M74 Double-Stranded RNA 5' Untranslated Terminal Region.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Killer toxins are extracellular antifungal proteins that are produced by a wide variety of fungi, including Saccharomyces yeasts. Although many Saccharomyces killer toxins have been previously identified, their evolutionary origins remain uncertain given that many of these genes have been mobilized by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses. A survey of yeasts from the Saccharomyces genus has identified a novel killer toxin with a unique spectrum of activity produced by Saccharomyces paradoxus. The expression of this killer toxin is associated with the presence of a dsRNA totivirus and a satellite dsRNA. Genetic sequencing of the satellite dsRNA confirmed that it encodes a killer toxin with homology to the canonical ionophoric K1 toxin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and has been named K1-like (K1L). Genomic homologs of K1L were identified in six non-Saccharomyces yeast species of the Saccharomycotina subphylum, predominantly in subtelomeric regions of the genome. When ectopically expressed in S. cerevisiae from cloned cDNAs, both K1L and its homologs can inhibit the growth of competing yeast species, confirming the discovery of a family of biologically active K1-like killer toxins. The sporadic distribution of these genes supports their acquisition by horizontal gene transfer followed by diversification. The phylogenetic relationship between K1L and its genomic homologs suggests a common ancestry and gene flow via dsRNAs and DNAs across taxonomic divisions. This appears to enable the acquisition of a diverse arsenal of killer toxins by different yeast species for potential use in niche competition.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.