ArticleFEMS microbiology ecology2021
Breast milk urea as a nitrogen source for urease positive Bifidobacterium infantis.
Article in FEMS microbiology ecology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbiome functional gene pathways are indicative of cognitive performance in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Revisiting gut microbiota-driven ammonia metabolism: from disease burden to physiological adaptation.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Urease in acetogenicGut microbes · 2025Article
- Human milkFrontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Comparison of canine colostrum and milk using a multi-omics approach.Animal microbiome · 2024Article
- Genome-wide comparative analysis of clinical and environmental strains of the opportunistic pathogenFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Culture-dependent screening of endospore-forming clostridia in infant feces.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Urine Metabolomic Profile of Breast- versus Formula-Fed Neonates Using a Synbiotic-Enriched Formula.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Infant nutrition affects the microbiota-gut-brain axis: Comparison of human milk vs. infant formula feeding in the piglet model.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human milk stimulates a health-promoting gut microbiome in infants. However, it is unclear how the microbiota salvages and processes its required nitrogen from breast milk. Human milk nitrogen sources such as urea could contribute to the composition of this early life microbiome. Urea is abundant in human milk, representing a large part of the non-protein nitrogen (NPN). We found that B. longum subsp. infantis (ATCC17930) can use urea as a main source of nitrogen for growth in synthetic medium and enzyme activity was induced by the presence of urea in the medium. We furthermore confirmed the expression of both urease protein subunits and accessory proteins of B. longum subsp. infantis through proteomics. To the same end, metagenome data were mined for urease-related genes. It was found that the breastfed infant's microbiome possessed more urease-related genes than formula fed infants (51.4:22.1; 2.3-fold increase). Bifidobacteria provided a total of 106 of urease subunit alpha alignments, found only in breastfed infants. These experiments show how an important gut commensal that colonizes the infant intestine can metabolize urea. The results presented herein further indicate how dietary nitrogen can determine bacterial metabolism in the neonate gut and shape the overall microbiome.
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