ArticleSouthern medical journal2021
Percentage of Black Population and Primary Care Shortage Areas Associated with Higher COVID-19 Case and Death Rates in Georgia Counties.
Article in Southern medical journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Ten pressure points in primary care during COVID-19: findings from an international narrative review.BMC primary care · 2025Pooled it
- [Social determinants and COVID-19 mortality: Systematic review of the role of primary care].Atencion primaria · 2026Article
- County-Level Analysis of the Health Impact of Black Physicians in Georgia.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Associations of Individual and Neighborhood Factors with Disparities in COVID-19 Incidence and Outcomes.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Investigation of the Impact of Social Vulnerability and Racial Disparity on COVID-19 Infection and Death Rates Among Georgians (USA).International journal of epidemiology and public health research · 2025Article
- Neighborhood Ecologies, Cases, and Deaths during the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for Current and Future Epidemics?Southern medical journal · 2024Article
- Understanding the factors that influence matriculation and persistence in Black medical students.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- COVID-19 mortality and deprivation: pandemic, syndemic, and endemic health inequalities.The Lancet. Public health · 2022Review
- The roles of primary care doctors in the COVID-19 pandemic: consistency and influencing factors of doctor's perception and actions and nominal definitions.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Older Adult Mortality From COVID-19: Food Access as a Determinant Within a Socio-ecological Framework.The Gerontologist · 2022Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Hospital Admissions from COVID-19: Determining the Impact of Neighborhood Deprivation and Primary Language.Journal of general internal medicine · 2021Article
- On "Percentage of Black Population and Primary Care Shortage Areas Associated with Higher COVID-19 Case and Death Rates in Georgia Counties".Southern medical journal · 2021Article
- US Communities Need More Accessible Data to Improve Health, Not Less.American journal of public health · 2021Article
- Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among a Community Sample of African Americans Living in the Southern United States.Vaccines · 2021Article
- Identifying Long Term All-Cause Mortality Trends in US Counties from 2011 to 2020 and Associated Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Primary Care Physicians Supply.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
- Lessons Learned From TranslateCovid, a Multilingual Online Resource Hub for Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities and Beyond.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe hypothesized that the proportion of Black individuals in a county would be associated with higher rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths, even after accounting for other high-risk socioecologic factors such as poverty, population density, and household crowding, and uninsured rates. We also expected that counties designated as primary care health professional shortage areas (PCHPSAs) would be associated with higher COVID-19 death rates, and the lack of primary care access would exacerbate racial disparities in death rates. We undertook this study to test these hypotheses and discern the independent effects of racial composition, socioecologic characteristics, and healthcare system factors on COVID-19 cases and deaths in Georgia counties.
methodsWe used county-level COVID-19 cases and deaths on April 23, 2020 from the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center and estimates of 2019 county-level populations from the US Census Bureau to calculate the cumulative event rates for the state of Georgia. We used multiple regression models to examine crude and adjusted associations of socioecologic and health system variables with county-level COVID-19 case and mortality rates.
resultsAfter adjustment, a 1% increase in the proportion of Black people in the county resulted in a 2.3% increase in the county COVID-19 confirmed case rate and a 3.0% increase in the death rate (relative risk 1.03, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.05,
conclusionsThese results highlight the impact of racial disparities on the spatial patterns of COVID-19 disease burden in Georgia, which can guide interventions to mitigate racial disparities. The results also support the need for robust primary care infrastructure throughout the state.
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