ReviewNature reviews. Neuroscience2021
Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations.
Review in Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 350 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Structure Learning Training and Cognitive Flexibility
Investigating Cognitive Flexibility Training
Who cites it
350 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Population-Level Age Effects on the White Matter Structure Subserving Cognitive Flexibility in the Human Brain.eNeuro · 2026Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of cognitive flexibility in aging: Perspective from functional network and lateralization.Human brain mapping · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of HEPA filtration air purifiers on cognitive function from a secondary outcome analysis of a pragmatic randomized crossover trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Shared Versus Unique Features of Neural Activation During Cognitive Flexibility Across Restrictive Eating Disorder Presentations.The International journal of eating disorders · 2026Trial
- Personalized high-intensity temporal interference stimulation decouples cerebellar networks to enhance implicit learning.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- Influence of rhythmic music game intervention on executive function and sensorimotor ability of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- Oxytocin Reduces Subjective Fear in Naturalistic Social Contexts via Enhancing Top-Down Middle Cingulate Amygdala Regulation and Brain-Wide Fear Representations.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Trial
- Machine learning for missing data imputation in Alzheimer's research: predicting medial temporal lobe dynamic flexibility.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2026Article
- Hippocampal ring finger protein 10-dependent signaling supports cognitive flexibility.iScience · 2026Article
- Insulin receptor signaling in gustatory cells suppresses sugar taste sensitivity and feeding iniScience · 2026Article
- Synaptic plasticity of prefrontal long-range inhibition regulates cognitive flexibility.Neuron · 2026Article
- A neural signature to predict attention shifting delays in children and adults.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Evolution of behavioral flexibility and the forming and breaking of habits.Evolution letters · 2026Article
- Insights into the neural mechanisms supporting cognitive stability and flexibility from human intracranial electroencephalography.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- Closed-loop stimulation modulates attention shifting in children.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Resetting the hippocampal buffer: a neurocognitive account of psychedelic therapy for anxiety-related psychopathology.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Behavioural and psychological symptom determinants of carer burden across clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease: a transdiagnostic analysis.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- A neurodevelopmental model of eating disorder risk in midlife to older adulthood.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- Psychedelics do not always enhance cognitive flexibility: The potential role of time-varying effects on reward learning processes.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- Bidirectional association between irritability and executive function in youth from late childhood to early adolescence: Between- and within-person effects.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2026Article
290 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Cognitive and behavioural flexibility permit the appropriate adjustment of thoughts and behaviours in response to changing environmental demands. Brain mechanisms enabling flexibility have been examined using non-invasive neuroimaging and behavioural approaches in humans alongside pharmacological and lesion studies in animals. This work has identified large-scale functional brain networks encompassing lateral and orbital frontoparietal, midcingulo-insular and frontostriatal regions that support flexibility across the lifespan. Flexibility can be compromised in early-life neurodevelopmental disorders, clinical conditions that emerge during adolescence and late-life dementias. We critically evaluate evidence for the enhancement of flexibility through cognitive training, physical activity and bilingual experience.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.