ArticlePloS one2021
Urban-rural differences in COVID-19 exposures and outcomes in the South: A preliminary analysis of South Carolina.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Urban and Rural Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review.Medical care research and review : MCRR · 2025Pooled it
- What Makes Urban Communities More Resilient to COVID-19? A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Methods Used in the Spatial and Spatiotemporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiology: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2021Pooled it
- Correlation of COVID-19 Mortality with Socioeconomic Status, Air Quality, and Housing Density.Thoracic research and practice · 2026Article
- When Usability Isn't Enough: Understanding Rural Challenges in Respiratory Virus Test Interpretation.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- California Healthy Places Index and COVID-19 hospitalization risk: a patient-level analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Rural targeted messaging, multiplex salivary measurement, and rural equity in SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing: Protocol overview of a SeroNet investigation.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2026Article
- Features of the land use and COVID-19 cases and deaths in urban and land counties in Poland throughout the pandemic: a machine learning approach.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Understanding capability, opportunity, and motivation for at-home COVID-19 testing in underserved populations during the pandemic.Translational behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Individual Behaviors and Health Inequalities: Preterm Birth During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico.Population and development review · 2025Article
- Potential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in Poland and COVID-19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemic.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Understanding Citizens' Response to Social Activities on Twitter in US Metropolises During the COVID-19 Recovery Phase Using a Fine-Tuned Large Language Model: Application of AI.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Before the wave: Exploring early perspectives on COVID-19 self-testing among African Americans in Eastern North Carolina.PloS one · 2025Article
- Prediction models for COVID-19 disease outcomes.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Rurality and COVID-19 Outcomes: Unraveling the Impact of Nursing Home Residency Using Bayesian Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Testing Among People with HIV: A Population Level Analysis Based on Statewide Data in South Carolina.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Internet use and difficulties in acquiring health resources among older adults with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Spatial, temporal, and demographic nonstationary dynamics of COVID-19 exposure among older adults in the U.S.PloS one · 2024Article
- Understanding social risk factors of county-level disparities in COVID-19 tests per confirmed case in South Carolina using statewide electronic health records data.BMC public health · 2023Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic moved beyond the initial heavily impacted and urbanized Northeast region of the United States, hotspots of cases in other urban areas ensued across the country in early 2020. In South Carolina, the spatial and temporal patterns were different, initially concentrating in small towns within metro counties, then diffusing to centralized urban areas and rural areas. When mitigation restrictions were relaxed, hotspots reappeared in the major cities. This paper examines the county-scale spatial and temporal patterns of confirmed cases of COVID-19 for South Carolina from March 1st-September 5th, 2020. We first describe the initial diffusion of the new confirmed cases per week across the state, which remained under 2,000 cases until Memorial Day weekend (epi week 23) then dramatically increased, peaking in mid-July (epi week 29), and slowly declining thereafter. Second, we found significant differences in cases and deaths between urban and rural counties, partially related to the timing of the number of confirmed cases and deaths and the implementation of state and local mitigations. Third, we found that the case rates and mortality rates positively correlated with pre-existing social vulnerability. There was also a negative correlation between mortality rates and county resilience patterns, as expected, suggesting that counties with higher levels of inherent resilience had fewer deaths per 100,000 population.
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