ReviewEuropean journal of nutrition2021
Can diet modulate trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) production? What do we know so far?
Review in European journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Microbiota-derived metabolites and cardiovascular implications in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Review
- Time Exposure and Fat Mass Reduction Drive Trimethylamine N-Oxide Modulation During a Very-Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT) in Women with Obesity.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Punicalagin is the key pomegranate polyphenol inhibiting gut microbial trimethylamine (TMA) production from L-carnitine in anFood & function · 2026Article
- Association between gut microbiota-derived TMAO, systemic inflammatory markers, and echocardiographic findings in patients with common variable immunodeficiency.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- Atherosclerotic-dose TMAO accentuates redox imbalances and motor dysfunctions in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Targeting the cardio-neuro axis through nutrition: inflammatory mechanisms linking cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota orchestrates bone homeostasis: a multi-pathway network from intestine to skeleton.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Review
- Dietary Fatty Acids Modulate Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine-N-Oxide: Potential Mechanisms and Future Perspective.Nutrients · 2025Review
- TMAO and the gut microbiome: implications for the CVD-CKD-IBD axis.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Broadly Sourced Alternative Proteins Alter Muscle Metabolome While Maintaining Sensory Quality in Rainbow Trout (Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2025Article
- The effect of TMAO on aging-associated cardiovascular and metabolic pathways and emerging therapies.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Plasma cardiovascular stress biomarkers response to marathon running.Sports medicine and health science · 2025Article
- Gut microbiome dysbiosis in heart failure: Updated evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic directions.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2025Review
- Association Between Altered Gut Microbiota and Acne Vulgaris: A Comparative Study of Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels in Patients and Healthy Controls.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2025Article
- A Pomegranate Polyphenol Extract Suppresses the Microbial Production of Proatherogenic Trimethylamine (TMA) in an In Vitro Human Colon Model.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Article
- Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Effects of Trimethylamine Concentrations in Hatching Eggs on Chick Quality in Dwarf Hens.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Mental Health and Cognitive Function in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis.Nutrients · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTrimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite that has attracted attention due to its positive association with several chronic non-communicable diseases such as insulin resistance, atherosclerotic plaque formation, diabetes, cancer, heart failure, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, liver steatosis, cardiac fibrosis, endothelial injury, neural degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. TMAO production results from the fermentation by the gut microbiota of dietary nutrients such as choline and carnitine, which are transformed to trimethylamine (TMA) and converted into TMAO in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and 3 (FMO1 and FMO3). Considering that TMAO is involved in the development of many chronic diseases, strategies have been found to enhance a healthy gut microbiota. In this context, some studies have shown that nutrients and bioactive compounds from food can modulate the gut microbiota and possibly reduce TMAO production.
objectiveThis review has as main objective to discuss the studies that demonstrated the effects of food on the reduction of this harmful metabolite.
methodsAll relevant articles until November 2020 were included. The articles were searched in Medline through PubMed.
resultsBoth the food is eaten acutely and chronically, by altering the nature of the gut microbiota, influencing colonic TMA production. Furthermore, hepatic production of TMAO by the flavin monooxygenases in the liver may also be influenced by phenolic compounds present in foods.
conclusionThe evidence presented in this review shows that TMAO levels can be reduced by some bioactive compounds. However, it is crucial to notice that there is significant variation among the studies. Further clinical studies should be conducted to evaluate these dietary components' effectiveness, dose, and intervention time on TMAO levels and its precursors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.