ArticleThe British journal of radiology2021
The effects of the skull on CT imaging of the brain: a skull and brain phantom study.
Article in The British journal of radiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Deep Learning Reconstruction Versus Hybrid Iterative Reconstruction for Acute Cerebral Infarction Detection on 135 kVp Non-Contrast Brain CT.Clinical neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Comparison of deep learning reconstruction and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction for head CT in acute stroke.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Deep learning image reconstruction technique for improving image quality and radiation dose reduction compared to iterative reconstruction technique in non-contrast CT head imaging.Frontiers in radiology · 2026Article
- Deep Learning-Based Versus Iterative Image Reconstruction for Unenhanced Brain CT: A Quantitative Comparison of Image Quality.Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) · 2023Article
- Head CT: Toward Making Full Use of the Information the X-Rays Give.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the effects of beam hardening by the skull on the measured radiodensity of the brain. To test a hypothesis that these effects of beam hardening are decreased using a monochromatic energy source.
methodsSelected clinical cases were reviewed in illustration. An anthropomorphic skull and brain phantom was created and scanned in a clinical CT scanner with skull, without skull, and with hemicraniectomy. The effects of beam hardening were illustrated by scanning the phantom with mono- and poly-chromatic X-ray sources.
resultsIn clinical cases, the HU values of the brain were consistently lower when the X-ray beam traversed the skull than when it did not. An anthropomorphic skull-and-brain phantom further demonstrated these effects, which were evident with a polychromatic energy source and absent with a virtual monochromatic energy source.
conclusionsBeam hardening by the skull lowers the measured HU values of the brain. The effects, which can impact quantitative imaging, may be mitigated by a virtual monochromatic energy source. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Beam hardening by the skull lowers the measured radiodensity of the brain. The effects may be mitigated by a virtual monochromatic energy source.
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