SynthesisBehavior modification2022
A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Virtual Reality and In Vivo Exposure Therapy as Psychological Interventions for Public Speaking Anxiety.
Synthesis in Behavior modification, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07351409 (Immersive Virtual Reality as a Tool for Reducing Public Speaking Anxiety in Students Accessing the University Psychological Counseling Service), which is not on this map. Cited by 13 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Immersive Virtual Reality as a Tool for Reducing Public Speaking Anxiety in Students Accessing the University Psychological Counseling Service: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Artificial intelligence (AI) for virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET): A systematic review.Translational psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Analyzing metaverse-based digital therapies, their effectiveness, and potential risks in mental healthcare.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Virtual Reality and In Vivo Exposure Therapy as Psychological Interventions for Public Speaking Anxiety.Behavior modification · 2022Pooled it
- One-Session Versus Three-Sessions of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Public Speaking Anxiety: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Article
- Immersive virtual reality for reducing public speaking anxiety in students accessing a university psychological counseling service: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- I can't feel your face: callous-unemotional traits, social anxiety, and approach-avoidance behaviour in conduct disorder.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2024Article
- Desensitizing Anxiety Through Imperceptible Change: Feasibility Study on a Paradigm for Single-Session Exposure Therapy for Fear of Public Speaking.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- Virtual Reality exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety and social anxiety disorder.Neuroscience applied · 2024Review
- Patient Perceptions of In Vivo Versus Virtual Reality Exposures for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Embodied strategies for public speaking anxiety: evaluation of the Corp-Oral program.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- The Symbiosis of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy and Telemental Health: A Review.Frontiers in virtual reality · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Public speaking anxiety (PSA) is a prevalent condition with disabling occupational, educational, and social consequences. Exposure therapy is a commonly utilized approach for treating PSA. Traditionally, this intervention has been delivered as in vivo exposure therapy (IVET). Limitations inherent to in vivo as a mode of delivery have been identified and studies have increasingly explored the use of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) as an alternative. Understanding the efficacy of both VRET and IVET as psychological interventions for PSA is important. A systematic search identified 11 studies with 508 participants. Meta-analysis yielded a large significant effect wherein VRET resulted in significant reductions in PSA versus control of -1.39 (
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.