Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33532615›Full record

SynthesisEndocrinology, diabetes & metabolism2021

Risk factors for diabetic foot complications in type 2 diabetes-A systematic review.

Sophia Rossboth, Monika Lechleitner, Willi Oberaigner

Open access · goldAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
52citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
5.7field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

52 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. DoesFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Trial
  7. Trial
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Sophia RossbothMedical Informatics and Technology Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment UMIT - University for Health Sciences Hall in Troll Austria.ORCID 0000-0002-7965-946X
Monika LechleitnerDepartment of Internal Medicine Hospital Hochzirl Zirl Austria.
Willi OberaignerMedical Informatics and Technology Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment UMIT - University for Health Sciences Hall in Troll Austria.
UMIT - Private Universität für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Medizinische Informatik und Technik · AT

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Aims: With increasing numbers of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worldwide, the number of associated diabetic foot complications might also increase. This systematic review was performed to summarize published data about risk factors for the diabetic foot (DF) syndrome in order to improve the identification of high-risk patients. Materials and methods: Six electronic databases were searched for publications up to August 2019 using predefined stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Of 9,476 identified articles, 31 articles from 28 different study populations fulfilled the criteria for our evaluation. The overall quality of the studies was good, and the risk of bias was low. There was large heterogeneity among the studies concerning study protocols and patient populations analysed. A total of 79 risk factors were analysed within this review. The majority of studies described a consistently positive association with different outcomes of interest related to DF for gender, peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, poor glycaemic control, insulin use, duration of diabetes, smoking and height. For age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and body mass index, the results remain inconsistent. Conclusion: A most up-to-date literature review resulted in glycaemic control and smoking as the only amenable risk factors with a consistently positive association for DF. Due to the high personal and financial burden associated with DF and the large heterogeneity among included studies, additional longitudinal studies in large patient populations are necessary to identify more modifiable risk factors that can be used in the prediction and prevention of DF complications.

Indexed as

Glycemic ControlAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diabetic FootFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsSex FactorsSmokingYoung Adultdiabetic footfoot ulcerationlower extremity amputationrisk factors

Identifiers

PMID33532615
PMCPMC7831214
OpenAlexW3082439472

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.