Observational studyScientific reports2021
Lack of HPV in pterygium with no evidence of autoinoculation and the role of cytokines in pterygium with dry eye.
Observational study in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blue Light Pollution and Ocular Surface Toxicity: p53-Mediated Ferroptosis in Corneal Epithelium Drives Dry Eye Pathogenesis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ocular Findings in Women with Cervical HPV Positivity and Cervical Dysplasia Undergoing Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- 3% diquafosol sodium combined with 0.1% fluorometholone for postoperative dry eye in pterygium patients with preoperative tear deficiency: a pilot retrospective study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The Potential Role of Vitamin D in the Pterygium Pathophysiology-A Possible New Therapeutic Perspective and Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The role of HPV in the etiopathogenesis of pterygium and the relationship with recurrence.International ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Tear biomarkers in dry eye disease: Progress in the last decade.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Review
- Anti-inflammatory effects of α-humulene and β-caryophyllene on pterygium fibroblasts.International journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Pterygium-The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.Cells · 2021Review
- c-FOS Expression Analysis in Pterygia Cell Spot Arrays.In vivo (Athens, Greece)Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study evaluated human papillomavirus's (HPV) role in pterygium pathogenesis, its autoinoculation from genitalia to ocular surface, potential cytokines involved, and crosstalk cytokines between pterygium and dry eye (DE). This cross-sectional study enrolled 25 healthy controls (HCs) and 116 pterygium patients. Four subgroups of pterygium and DE were used in cytokine evaluations. Conjunctival and pterygium swabs and first-void urine samples (i.e., genitalia samples) were collected for HPV DNA detection using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Tear cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tears were evaluated. No HPV DNA was detected in conjunctival or pterygium swabs. No association was found between HPV DNA in urine samples and that from conjunctival or pterygium swabs. Tear VEGF levels were significantly higher in pterygium patients than in HCs, with no markedly different levels between primary and recurrent pterygia. Tear IL-6, IL-18, and tear VEGF were significantly higher in participants with DE, regardless of pterygium status. In conclusion, HPV infection was not a pathogenic factor of pterygia. The hypothesis of HPV transmitting from the genitals to ocular surfaces was nullified. Tear VEGF was involved in both pterygia and DE, whereas tear IL-6 and IL-18 played roles only in DE.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.