SynthesisMedicine2021
Bispectral index monitoring of the clinical effects of propofol closed-loop target-controlled infusion: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in Medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Performance of closed-loop systems for intravenous drug administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of different depth of anesthesia on perioperative inflammatory reaction and hospital outcomes in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy.BMC anesthesiology · 2022Trial
- The Median Effective Dose and Bispectral Index of Remimazolam Tosilate for Anesthesia Induction in Elderly Patients: An Up-and-Down Sequential Allocation Trial.Clinical interventions in aging · 2022Trial
- Accuracy of closed-loop and open-loop propofol delivery systems by bispectral index monitoring in breast surgery patients: a prospective randomized trial.Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier)Trial
- Transforming perioperative care: The current landscape and future trajectory of artificial intelligence in anesthesia-A narrative review.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Review
- Enhancing Anesthetic Depth Assessment via Unsupervised Machine Learning in Processed Electroencephalography Analysis: Novel Methodological Study.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Closed-Loop Anesthesia: Advances in Automated Drug Delivery and Perioperative Monitoring.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2026Review
- The Impact of Bispectral Index Monitoring on Outcomes in Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Disorders of Consciousness.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2024Article
- Model enhanced reinforcement learning to enable precision dosing: A theoretical case study with dosing of propofol.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2022Article
- Reinforcement learning as an innovative model-based approach: Examples from precision dosing, digital health and computational psychiatry.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Target-controlled infusion - Past, present, and future.Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo investigate whether closed-loop systems under bispectral index anesthesia depth monitoring can reduce the intraoperative propofol dosage.
methodsAll randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on reducing propofol dosage under closed-loop systems were collected, and the literature was screened out, the abstracts and full texts were carefully read, and the references were tracked, data extraction and quality evaluation were conducted on the included research, and the RevMan5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. The main results were propofol and the incidence of adverse reactions such as hypertensive hypotension and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. A total of 879 cases were included in 8 articles, including 450 occurrences in the closed-loop system group and 429 cases in the open-loop system group.
resultsCompared with manual control, closed-loop systems under bispectral index anesthesia depth monitoring reduced the dose of propofol (MD: -0.62, 95% CI: -1.08--0.16, P = .008), with heterogeneity (I2 = 80%). Closed-loop systems significantly reduced the incidence of abnormal blood pressure (MD: -0.02, 95%CI: -0.05-0.01, P = .15, I2 = 74%) and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (MD: -0.08, 95% CI: -0.14 -0.01, P = .02, I2 = 94%).
conclusionBispectral index monitoring of propofol closed-loop target-controlled infusion system can reduce the amount of propofol, reduce the incidence of adverse reactions such as hypertensive or hypotension and postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.