ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Immunodeficiency and Cancer in 3.5 Million People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): The South African HIV Cancer Match Study.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characteristics of solid versus hematologic malignancies in people living with human immunodeficiency virus.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Association of Immunodeficiency and HIV Viremia With Cervical Precancer and Cancer Risk Among Women With HIV in South Africa.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma: Advanced disease and high mortality of patients referred to a multidisciplinary clinic in South Africa, 2022-2024.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2026Article
- Trends in the incidence of cancers related to HIV-AIDS in Harare, Zimbabwe 1990-2019.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
- HIV-1 Viremia and Cancer Risk in 2.8 Million People: The South African HIV Cancer Match Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Lymphoma in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of the epidemiology, treatment challenges, and patient pathways.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- HPV-associated cancers among people living with HIV: nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study 2004-21 in Estonia.European journal of public health · 2024Article
- Cancer in People with HIV.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2024Review
- State of the science and future directions for research on HIV and cancer: Summary of a joint workshop sponsored by IARC and NCI.International journal of cancer · 2024Review
- Gynaecologic and breast cancers in women living with HIV in South Africa: A record linkage study.International journal of cancer · 2024Article
- The burden of non-communicable diseases among people living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Decreasing incidence of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in people with HIV in South Africa.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Article
- Age and Cancer Incidence in 5.2 Million People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): The South African HIV Cancer Match Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Cancer incidence among people living with HIV in Zimbabwe: A record linkage study.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Human papillomavirus-related neoplasia of the ocular adnexa.Acta ophthalmologica · 2022Article
- Review
- Cohort profile: the South African HIV Cancer Match (SAM) Study, a national population-based cohort.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Mapping Evidence on the Burden of Breast, Cervical, and Prostate Cancers in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Conjunctival cancer in people living with HIV.Current opinion in infectious diseases · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe analyzed associations between immunodeficiency and cancer incidence in a nationwide cohort of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) in South Africa.
methodsWe used data from the South African HIV Cancer Match Study built on HIV-related laboratory measurements from the National Health Laboratory Services and cancer records from the National Cancer Registry. We evaluated associations between time-updated CD4 cell count and cancer incidence rates using Cox proportional hazards models. We reported adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) over a grid of CD4 values and estimated the aHR per 100 CD4 cells/µL decrease.
resultsOf 3 532 266 PLWH, 15 078 developed cancer. The most common cancers were cervical cancer (4150 cases), Kaposi sarcoma (2262 cases), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1060 cases). The association between lower CD4 cell count and higher cancer incidence rates was strongest for conjunctival cancer (aHR per 100 CD4 cells/µL decrease: 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-1.54), Kaposi sarcoma (aHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.20-1.26), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (aHR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.14-1.22). Among infection-unrelated cancers, lower CD4 cell counts were associated with higher incidence rates of esophageal cancer (aHR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.11) but not breast, lung, or prostate cancer.
conclusionsLower CD4 cell counts were associated with an increased risk of developing various infection-related cancers among PLWH. Reducing HIV-induced immunodeficiency may be a potent cancer-prevention strategy among PLWH in sub-Saharan Africa, a region heavily burdened by cancers attributable to infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.