ArticleMedical care2021
Costs of Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States, 2016.
Article in Medical care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06480838 (Cerebral Autoregulation, Brain Perfusion, and Neurocognitive Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury), which is not on this map. Cited by 66 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Cerebral Autoregulation, Brain Perfusion, and Neurocognitive Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of intracranial infections following penetrating traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Clinical Trials for Central Nervous System Injuries.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Risk of stroke after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists in Treating Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Brain Edema: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Studies.Neurocritical care · 2025Pooled it
- The role of spectrin breakdown products in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Pooled it
- Pediatric traumatic brain injuries in war zones: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- The Impact of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on Neurofilament Light and Phosphorylated Tau in Individuals with a Concussion.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2025Trial
- P2X7 receptor-mediated IL-1β release by human brain tissue: the impact of CNS-penetrant potential therapeutics.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Determining Acute-Phase Biomarkers for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Through Exploratory Data Analysis: A Preliminary Report.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Mechanical deformation explains distinct neuroimaging patterns and etiologies in brain trauma.NeuroImage · 2026Article
- Gabapentin and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury: A multinational cohort of 49,925 patients.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- A Proposed Novel Neurovascular Mechanism for Brain Network Dysfunction After Traumatic Injury.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Single-Exposure Prophylactic Transcranial Nano-Pulsed Laser Therapy Promotes Functional Resilience Following Mild Blast-Induced Neurotrauma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Hemodynamic characterization of cardiac dysfunction after traumatic brain injury using a controlled cortical impact model in male rats.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Incidences of Concussion in the United States: A Review of Health Insurance Claims.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury in Medicare Beneficiaries over the Last Decade: A Retrospective Observational Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Water channel changes in astrocytes associated with buprenorphine administration in a rat model of diffuse traumatic brain injury.Research square · 2026Article
- Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury on Sensorimotor Gating.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Persistent dysmorphology and dysfunction of the brain microvasculature following repeated trauma.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Article
- Mild traumatic brain injury in older adults, provocation evaluation: A pilot study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem in the United States. Each year, TBIs substantially contribute to health care costs, which vary by severity. This is important to consider given the variability in recovery time by severity. RESEARCH
designThis study quantifies the annual incremental health care costs of nonfatal TBI in 2016 for the US population covered by a private health insurance, Medicaid, or Medicare health plan. This study uses MarketScan and defines severity with the abbreviated injury scale for the head and neck region. Nonfatal health care costs were compared by severity.
resultsThe estimated 2016 overall health care cost attributable to nonfatal TBI among MarketScan enrollees was $40.6 billion. Total estimated annual health care cost attributable to TBI for low severity TBIs during the first year postinjury were substantially higher than costs for middle and high severity TBIs among those with private health insurance and Medicaid.
conclusionsThis study presents economic burden estimates for TBI that underscore the importance of developing strategies to prevent TBIs, regardless of severity. Although middle and high severity TBIs were more costly at the individual level, low severity TBIs, and head injuries diagnosed as "head injury unspecified" resulted in higher total estimated annual health care costs attributable to TBI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.