SynthesisHealth & place2021
Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies.
Synthesis in Health & place, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2025Pooled it
- Tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviour: how are exposure and outcome measures classified? A systematic review.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Child Salivary Cotinine Levels Related to Neighborhood Deprivation and Tobacco and Alcohol Retail Outlets.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Associations of smoking and second-hand smoke exposure with obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea risk in Tuvalu.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Simulating the Impact of Zoning Policies on Equitably Reducing Neighborhood Tobacco Retailer Availability.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Proximity and density of tobacco retail locations to Kentucky schools and the relationship to youth perceptions of harm and susceptibility to e-cigarette use.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Using Ecological Momentary Assessment, Geolocation Tracking, and Neuroimaging to Assess Effects of Tobacco Retail Exposure on Smoking Behavior: Protocol for the GeoSmoking Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Access to alcohol and tobacco retail outlets and its associated factors among residents of Bangkok, Thailand.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Modelling how age-restricted location policies would impact tobacco retailer density in four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina and Ohio.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Exploring small retailers' perspectives on selling tobacco after the tripling of Tasmania's tobacco licence fee.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Neighborhood economic and demographic landscape as predictors of 90-day outcomes post-stroke hospitalization.Frontiers in stroke · 2026Article
- The interaction of tobacco retailer density and rurality with tobacco use prevalence in Kentucky.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2026Article
- Tobacco retail characteristics across urban and rural districts in Lao PDR: an observational study, 2024.Frontiers in public health · 2026Observational
- Supply and demand effects between tobacco retailer density and smoking prevalence.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Global policy scan of commercial combustible tobacco product retailing regulations by WHO region.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Does living near a tobacco retailer impact the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments?: Analysis from a randomized trial.Addictive behaviors reports · 2025Article
- Development and evaluation of a method to compile a national list of cannabis dispensaries.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Community Awareness-Raising to Support Tobacco Policy: Results from an App-Based Photo-Mapping Activity with College Students.Journal of community health · 2025Article
- Estimating tobacco product availability prevalence in medical cannabis dispensaries in Oklahoma, USA, 2024.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Naturalistic Tobacco Retail Exposure and Smoking Outcomes in Adults Who Smoke Cigarettes Daily.JAMA network open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundReducing the retail availability of tobacco has been proposed as a component of tobacco endgame, yet it is not known whether retail availability has a direct impact on smoking behaviours. A narrative review and a meta-analysis have been undertaken to examine the density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets, but were limited in scope, exposure and outcome variables. The aim of this current study was to undertake a systematic review of the international literature on the density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets to homes, schools and communities and their association with smoking behaviours among youth.
methodsWe reviewed and critically appraised the evidence documenting the association between density or proximity of tobacco retail outlets and smoking behaviours among school-age youth (18 and under), between 1 January 1990 and 21 October 2019. We reviewed original quantitative research that examined the associations of tobacco retail outlet density and proximity with individual smoking status or population-level smoking prevalence; initiation of smoking; frequency of tobacco use; sales to minors; purchasing by minors; susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers; perceived prevalence of smoking, and quitting behaviours.
findingsThirty-five peer-reviewed papers met the inclusion criteria. This review provided evidence of a relationship between density of tobacco retail outlets and smoking behaviours, particularly for the density near youths' home. A study using activity spaces also found a significant positive association between exposure to tobacco retail outlets and daily tobacco use. The review did not provide evidence of an association between the proximity of tobacco retail outlets to homes or schools and smoking behaviours among youth.
conclusionsThe existing evidence supports a positive association between tobacco retail outlet density and smoking behaviours among youth, particularly for the density near youths' home. This review provides evidence for the development and implementation of policies to reduce the density of tobacco retail outlets to reduce smoking prevalence among youth.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.