ReviewViruses2021
T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1010, an Investigational Seasonal Influenza Vaccine, in Healthy Adults: Final Results From a Phase 1/2 Randomized Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- A self-assembled protein nanocage as a universal influenza vaccine induces enhanced broadly cross-reactive immunity.Biomaterials · 2026Article
- Cross-reactive antibody and T-cell responses after influenza virus infection in community-dwelling older adults.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- T-cell-mediated immunity to influenza A (H2N3): implications for caccine efficacy and cross-subtype protection.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- From Innate to Adaptive: Paradigm Shifts and Frontier Challenges in Next-Generation Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections broaden the repertoire of Spike-reactive CD4 T cells.mBio · 2026Article
- Aging and vaccines: impact of immunosenescence and inflammaging in vaccine response.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Recent developments of vaccines for older adults: Adjuvants and beyond.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Mucosal immunity and vaccination strategies: current insights and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Nasal and systemic immune responses correlate with viral shedding after influenza challenge in people with complex preexisting immunity.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Global research trends in the relationship between influenza and CD4Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- A Recombinant Mosaic HAs Influenza Vaccine Elicits Broad-Spectrum Immune Response and Protection of Influenza a Viruses.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Immunogenicity and biodistribution of lipid nanoparticle formulated self-amplifying mRNA vaccines against H5 avian influenza.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Innovations and Challenges in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines for a Safer Tomorrow.Cureus · 2024Review
- Influenza Virus Inactivated by Heavy Ion Beam Irradiation Stimulates Antigen-Specific Immune Responses.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Pandemic H1N1 influenza virus triggers a strong T helper cell response in human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissues.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Antigen-specific and cross-reactive T cells in protection and disease.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
- Review
- Advanced Vaccine Design Strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains. Therefore, universal flu vaccine approaches that induce broad immunity against conserved parts of influenza have top priority in research. Cross-reactive T cell responses, especially tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract, provide efficient heterologous immunity, and must therefore be a key component of universal flu vaccines. Here, we review recent findings about T cell-based flu immunity, with an emphasis on tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract of humans and different animal models. Furthermore, we provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies evaluating T cell-evoking flu vaccines, and discuss the implementation of T cell immunity in real-life vaccine policies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.