Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33522927›Full record

Trial reportBMC pediatrics2021

The effect of inhaling mother's breast milk odor on the behavioral responses to pain caused by hepatitis B vaccine in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial.

Zahra Akbarian Rad, Parvin Aziznejadroshan, Adeleh Saebi Amiri, Hemmat Gholinia Ahangar, Zahra Valizadehchari

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · goldAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMC pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 14 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
5.0field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05444608 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Evaluation of the Effect of Use of Breast Milk Odor and White Noise on Pain Management During Heel Lance in Premature Newborns: A Randomized Controlled Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorAnkara UniversityRan2022 to 2022Enrolled66ConditionsPainArmsBreast milk olfactory stimulation, White noise auditory stimulation
NCT06120062 completednot on this map

The Effect of Swaddling and Inhaling Breast Milk Odour on the Pain and Comfort During the Placement of Peripheral Intravenous Catheter in Term Infants

TypeobservationalSponsorZonguldak Bulent Ecevit UniversityRan2020 to 2023Enrolled120ConditionsInfant, Newborn, Pain PerceptionArmsswaddled, mother's breast milk odor, both swaddled and made to inhale mother's breast milk odor, No procedure
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. The analgesic effects of human milk odor in preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026
    Pooled it
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  4. Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023
    Pooled it
  5. Impact of breast milk odor exposure on first oral feeding performance in preterm infants following non-nutritive sucking.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Zahra Akbarian RadNon-Communicable Pediatric Disease Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R, Iran.
Parvin AziznejadroshanNon-Communicable Pediatric Disease Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R, Iran. aziznejadroshan@yahoo.com.ORCID 0000-0002-1738-5504
Adeleh Saebi AmiriStudent Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R, Iran.
Hemmat Gholinia AhangarHealth Research Institute, Babol University of Medicine Sciences, Babol, I.R, Iran.
Zahra ValizadehchariClinical Research development unit of Rohani hospital, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R, Iran.
Babol University of Medical Sciences · IR

Funding

Babol University of Medical Sciences 258-9706616
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNowadays, it is generally assumed that non-pharmacologic pain relief in preterm infants is an important measure to consider. Research findings suggest that familiar odors have soothing effects for neonates. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of maternal breast milk odor (MBMO) with that of another mother's breast milk odor (BMO) on the behavioral responses to pain caused by hepatitis B (HB) vaccine injection in preterm infants.

methodsThis single-blind randomized clinical trial was performed over the period between February 2019 and March 2020 in the neonatal intensive care unit of Babol Rouhani Hospital, Iran. Ninety preterm infants, who were supposed to receive their HB vaccine, were randomly assigned into three groups: MBMO (A), another mother's BMO (B), and control with distilled water(C). Oxygen saturation (SaO2), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded for all participants through electronic monitoring. In addition, premature infant pain profiles (PIPP) were determined through video recording for all three groups during intervention. The chi-square, ANOVA and ANCOVA were used for analyzing the data, and P < 0.05 was considered significant in this study.

resultsNo significant differences were found between the three groups in mean ± SD of HR, BP, and Sao2 before the intervention (P > 0.05). After the intervention, however, the means for heart rate in groups A, B, and C were 146 ± 14.3, 153 ± 17.5 and 155 ± 17.7, respectively (P = 0.012). Moreover, the means for PIPP scores in groups A, B and C were 6.6 ± 1.3, 10 ± 2, and 11.4 ± 1.9, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference found between groups in their means of SaO2, systolic and diastolic blood pressure after the intervention (P > 0.05).

conclusionsThe results indicate that stimulation with MBMO is effective in reducing pain in preterm infants; therefore, it can be postulated that this technique can be considered in less invasive procedures such as needling.

trial registrationIRCT, IRCT20190220042771N1 . Registered 18 May 2019- Retrospectively registered.

Indexed as

Hepatitis B VaccinesOdorantsFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornInfant, PrematureIranMilk, HumanMothersPainSingle-Blind MethodHepatitis B VaccinesHepatitis B vaccineHuman milkOdorPainPremature infant

Identifiers

PMID33522927
PMCPMC7849099
OpenAlexW3112199418

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.