ArticleBMC pediatrics2021
Anesthesia, sex and miscarriage history may influence the association between cesarean delivery and autism spectrum disorder.
Article in BMC pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of cesarean section on the risk of autism spectrum disorders/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a meta-analysis.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Pooled it
- Burden of Co-occurring Conditions and Perinatal Predictors of Epilepsy in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study of 1015 Children From Northwestern Mexico.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Association between anesthetics and autism spectrum disorder: from bench to bedside.Journal of anesthesia · 2025Review
- The Relationship between Early Exposure to General Anesthesia and Neurobehavioral Deficits.Developmental neuroscience · 2025Review
- Between Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism: Is There a Common Pathway?Nutrients · 2024Review
- Childhood anaesthesia and autism risk: population and murine study.Brain communications · 2024Article
- Association between Cesarean section and neurodevelopmental disorders in a Japanese birth cohort: the Japan Environment and Children's Study.BMC pediatrics · 2023Article
- Association between previous abortion history and risk of autism spectrum disorders among offspring: a meta-analysis.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2023Article
- Beyond Genes: Germline Disruption in the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2022Article
- A National Population Cohort Study Showed That Exposure to General Anesthesia in Early Childhood Is Associated with an Increase in the Risk of Developmental Delay.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo explore the association between cesarean section (CS) and risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and evaluate the possible factors influencing this association.
methodsIn total, 950 patients diagnosed with ASD and 764 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Socio-demographic characteristics and prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal characteristics were compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were applied to adjust for confounders. Further stratified analyses based on sex and miscarriage history were similarly performed to explore the factors influencing the association between CS and ASD.
resultsCS was evidently associated with an elevated risk of ASD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.606, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.311-1.969). Unlike regional anesthesia (RA), only CS performed under general anesthesia (GA) consistently elevated the risk of ASD (aOR = 1.887, 95% CI = 1.273-2.798) in females and males in further stratified analysis. The risk of children suffering from ASD following emergency CS was apparently increased in males (aOR = 2.390, 95% CI = 1.392-5.207), whereas a higher risk of ASD was observed among voluntary CS and indicated CS subgroups (aOR = 2.167, 95% CI = 1.094-4.291; aOR = 2.919, 95% CI = 1.789-4.765, respectively) in females. Moreover, the interaction term of CS and past miscarriage history (β = - 0.68, Wald χ2 = 7.5, df = 1, p = 0.006)) was similarly defined as influencing ASD.
conclusionsThe exposure of children to GA during CS may explain the possible/emerging association between CS and ASD. In addition, sex and miscarriage history could equally be factors influencing the association between CS and ASD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.