ArticleAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2021
Racial residential segregation and economic disparity jointly exacerbate COVID-19 fatality in large American cities.
Article in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Classifying healthcare facilities as predictors of COVID-19 mortality rates in US counties (2020-2021).Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Strengthening the organizational health literacy capacity of community-based organizations to support COVID-19 precautionary behaviors in marginalized communities.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Where you live and where you receive care: Using cross-classified multilevel modeling to examine hospital and neighborhood variation in in-hospital mortality and mortality disparities.Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Assessing equity of care across metastatic breast cancer treatment junctures: a multi-site retrospective cohort study.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Association Between Changes in Racial Residential and School Segregation and Trends in Racial Health Disparities, 2000-2020: A Life Course Perspective.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Association Between Changes in Racial Residential Segregation and Trends in Racial Disparities in Early Mortality in 220 Metropolitan Areas, 2001-2018.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Association of race/ethnicity and severe housing problems with COVID-19 deaths in the United States: Analysis of the first three waves.PloS one · 2024Article
- A review of mental health disparities during COVID-19: Evidence, mechanisms, and policy recommendations for promoting societal resilience.Development and psychopathology · 2023Review
- The Structure of Pandemic Vulnerability: Housing Wealth, Residential Segregation, and COVID‑19 Mortality.Population research and policy review · 2023Article
- Addressing Racial Capitalism's Impact on Black Essential Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Policy Recommendations.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Review
- The COVID-19, racism, and violence syndemic: Evidence from a qualitative study with Black residents of Chicago.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2023Article
- Place, Race, and Case: Examining Racialized Economic Segregation and COVID-19 in Louisiana.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Article
- Delayed Medical Care of Underserved Middle-Aged and Older African Americans with Chronic Disease during COVID-19 Pandemic.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Equity and Access: Case Study for Health Care Chatbots.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Effectiveness of different treatment regimens on patients with COVID-19, hospitalized in Sanandaj hospitals: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2023Article
- Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Financial Hardship During the First Year of the Pandemic.Health equity · 2023Article
- Measuring institutional and structural racism in research on adolescence and developmental science.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2022Article
- Application of trauma-informed care principles in academic nursing settings during the COVID-19 pandemic.Nursing forum · 2022Article
- Racial/Ethnic Differences in Prosocial Beliefs and Prevention Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
- Actual Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality for the Non-Hispanic Black Compared to Non-Hispanic White Population in 35 US States and Their Association with Structural Racism.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The disproportionately high rates of both infections and deaths among racial and ethnic minorities (especially Blacks and Hispanics) in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic are consistent with the conclusion that structural inequality can produce lethal consequences. However, the nature of this structural inequality in relation to COVID-19 is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that two structural features, racial residential segregation and income inequality, of metropolitan areas in the United States have contributed to health-compromising conditions, which, in turn, have increased COVID-19 fatalities; moreover, that these two features, when combined, may be particularly lethal. To test this hypothesis, we examined the growth rate of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in an early 30-day period of the outbreak in the counties located in each of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The growth curves for cases and deaths were steeper in counties located in metropolitan areas where Blacks and Hispanics are residentially segregated from Whites. Moreover, the effect of racial residential segregation was augmented by income inequality within each county. These data strongly suggest that racial and economic disparities have caused a greater death toll during the current pandemic. We draw policy implications for making virus-resilient cities free from such consequences.
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