ArticleF&S science2021
Human eggs, zygotes, and embryos express the receptor angiotensin 1-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 protein necessary for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.
Article in F&S science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on clinical outcomes ofFrontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Niche-Mediated Neural Priming Enables Robust and Scalable Generation of Human Choroid Plexus Organoids.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Explainable machine learning model for identifying key risk factors in congenital heart disease prediction using questionnaire data: a retrospective case-control study.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Article
- COVID-19 and female reproductive health: pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical reproductive outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Influence of COVID-19 on endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with pathological ovarian aging.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Observational
- The potential bidirectional relationship between long COVID and menstruation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The association between pregnancy outcomes of frozen thawed embryo transfers and previous SARS-CoV-2 infections.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- New insights into the ovulatory process in the human ovary.Human reproduction update · 2025Review
- The Effect of COVID-19 and COVID-19 Vaccination on Assisted Human Reproduction Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 infection is detrimental to pregnancy outcomes after embryo transfer in IVF/ICSI: a prospective cohort study.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and abnormal uterine bleeding: potential associations and mechanisms.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2024Review
- The impact and inflammatory characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection during ovarian stimulation on the outcomes of assisted reproductive treatment.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human embryo early development: a multicenter prospective cohort study.Science China. Life sciences · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2, fertility and assisted reproduction.Human reproduction update · 2023Review
- Effect of prior female SARS-CoV-2 infection on IVF outcomes: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Ovarian Reserve Disorders, Can We Prevent Them? A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The N501Y Mutation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Spindle Assembly in Mouse Oocytes.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2022Article
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have no effect on endometrial receptivity after euploid embryo transfer.Reproductive biomedicine online · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo study messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expressions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry receptors (angiotensin 1-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2] and CD147) and proteases (transmembrane serine protease 2 [TMPRSS2] and cathepsin L [CTSL]) in human oocytes, embryos, and cumulus (CCs) and granulosa cells (GCs).
designResearch study.
settingClinical in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment center. PATIENTS: Patients undergoing IVF were treated at the Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine.
interventionsOocytes (germinal vesicle and metaphase II [MII]) and embryos (1-cell [1C] and blastocyst [BL]) were donated for research at the disposition by the patients undergoing IVF. Follicular cells (CC and GC) were collected from women undergoing egg retrieval after ovarian stimulation without an ovulatory trigger for in vitro maturation/IVF treatment cycles.
main outcome measuresPresence or absence of ACE2, CD147, TMPRSS2, and CTSL mRNAs detected using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and proteins detected using capillary Western blotting in human oocytes, embryos, and ovarian follicular cells.
resultsThe quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed high abundance of
conclusionsCCs and GCs are the least susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection because of lack of the required combination of receptors and proteases (ACE2/TMPRSS2 or CD147/CTSL) in high abundance. The coexpression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins in the MII oocytes, zygotes, and BLs demonstrated that these gametes and embryos have the cellular machinery required and, thus, are potentially susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection if exposed to the virus. However, we do not know whether the infection occurs in vivo or in vitro in an assisted reproductive technology setting yet.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.