ReviewNature reviews. Chemistry2021
Natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action.
Review in Nature reviews. Chemistry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 240 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Empowering cancer therapy: the promise of natural adjuvants.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Synthesis and In Vivo Immunological Evaluation of Novel Saponin-Antigen Conjugates Incorporating Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate and Peptide Epitopes.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- A poly(I:C)/QS-21-based in situ vaccine synergizes with anti-PD-1 therapy to overcome tumor immunoresistance.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Targeting ARF6-SUCNR1 Axis: Antisense Oligonucleotide Adjuvants for Neutrophil Immunometabolism.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Dendritic Lipopeptide Nanovaccines Orchestrate Multi-Pattern Recognition Receptors Activation and Potentiate Antitumor Immunity.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Advances in the heterologous biosynthesis of QS saponins: a review.Microbial cell factories · 2026Review
- LNP-based delivery of a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist elicits potent adjuvant effects and antitumor immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Immunopotentiation by Natural Extracts: Mechanisms and Applications in Influenza Vaccine Adjuvant Development.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
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- Highly Potent Th1-Type NKT Cell Agonists as Immunotherapeutic Agents via Conformational Restriction Design.JACS Au · 2026Article
- A Glycopeptide Mosaic Vaccine Elicits Robust Antitumor Immunity by Targeting Glycan Heterogeneity.JACS Au · 2026Article
- Structure and immunological activity of QS-21 variant fromFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Nano-adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity and safety of infectious bursal disease virus vaccines: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Synthetic Strategies and Immunological Evaluation of C-Linked α-Galactosylceramide Analogs.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Article
- Review
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also less immunogenic and require an adjuvant to increase the immunogenicity of the antigen and potentiate the immune response. Unfortunately, few adjuvants have sufficient potency and low enough toxicity for clinical use, highlighting the urgent need for new, potent and safe adjuvants. Notably, a number of natural and synthetic carbohydrate structures have been used as adjuvants in clinical trials, and two have recently been approved in human vaccines. However, naturally derived carbohydrate adjuvants are heterogeneous, difficult to obtain and, in some cases, unstable. In addition, their molecular mechanisms of action are generally not fully understood, partly owing to the lack of tools to elucidate their immune-potentiating effects, thus hampering the rational development of optimized adjuvants. To address these challenges, modification of the natural product structure using synthetic chemistry emerges as an attractive approach to develop well-defined, improved carbohydrate-containing adjuvants and chemical probes for mechanistic investigation. This Review describes selected examples of natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based adjuvants and their application in synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccines, while also discussing current understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.