ArticleEthnicity & disease2021
Disparities in ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment by Race/Ethnicity in Youth Receiving Kentucky Medicaid in 2017.
Article in Ethnicity & disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of pharmacologically treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): systematic review and meta-analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2024Pooled it
- Childhood ADHD, Going Beyond the Brain: A Meta-Analysis on Peripheral Physiological Markers of the Heart and the Gut.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Variation in Rates of ADHD Diagnoses Across Public Schools in Arkansas.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- The Relationships Among Neighborhood Disadvantage, Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Diagnoses, and Race/Ethnicity in a U.S. Urban Location.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Prior Diagnoses and Age of Diagnosis in Children Later Diagnosed with Autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With Medication Adherence Among Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).Journal of attention disorders · 2025Observational
- Treatment Approaches and Growth Parameters in Pediatric ADHD: Examining Differences Across Race.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- Diagnosis and Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Practitioner's Perspective.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Examining the Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD in School-Aged Children Following the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Article
- Study protocol for a pilot study for Remote ADHD Monitoring Program (RAMP) for children in rural areas.PloS one · 2025Article
- Critical appraisal of studies evaluating prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Contributors to Underdiagnosis of ADHD among Asian Americans: A Narrative Review.Journal of attention disorders · 2024Review
- A classification system for youth outpatient behavioral health services billed to medicaid.Frontiers in health services · 2024Article
- Changes in real-world dispensing of ADHD stimulants in youth from 2019 to 2021 in California.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Sociodemographic disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment among U.S. elementary schoolchildren.Psychiatry research · 2023Article
- Can We Expand the Pool of Youth Who Receive Telehealth Assessments for ADHD? Covariates of Service Utilization.Journal of attention disorders · 2023Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Childhood ADHD Treatment Access and Utilization: Results From a National Study.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2022Article
- Diagnostic and Medication Treatment Disparities in African American Children with ADHD: a Literature Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Kentucky has among the highest rate of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and stimulant use in the United States. Little is known about this use by race/ethnicity and geography. This article describes patterns of diagnosis of ADHD and receipt of stimulants and psychosocial interventions for children aged 6-17 years receiving Kentucky Medicaid in 2017 and identifies factors associated with diagnosis and treatment. Methods: Using Medicaid claims, children with and without ADHD (ICD-10 codes F90.0, F90.1, F90.2, F90.8, and F90.9) were compared and predictors of diagnosis and treatment type were examined. Psychosocial interventions were defined as having at least one relevant CPT code. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression models were used for univariate and multivariable analysis, respectively. Results: The rates of ADHD, stimulant use, and psychosocial interventions in our study population exceeded the national average (14% vs 9%; 75% vs 65.5%; and 51% vs 46.5%, respectively). The distributions varied by sex, race/ethnicity, sex among race/ethnicities, and population density. In general, race/ethnicity predicted ADHD diagnosis, stimulant use, and receipt of psychosocial interventions with non-Hispanic White children being more likely to receive diagnosis and medication, but less likely to receive psychosocial therapy than other children. Differences were also shown for rural compared with urban residence, sex, and sex within racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions: Diagnosis and treatment modalities differed for children by race/ethnicity, population density, and sex. More data are needed to better understand whether differences are due to provider bias, child characteristics, or cultural variations impacting the utilization of different treatment options.
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Registered trials
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