ArticleVirulence2021
Sox4 represses host innate immunity to facilitate pathogen infection by hijacking the TLR signaling networks.
Article in Virulence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcriptomic differences in immune- and stress-related pathways associated with artificial rearing in the endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus).BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Role of the SOX family in non‑small cell lung cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review).Oncology reports · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptors in infectious myocarditis: pathogen-specific recognition, spatiotemporal dynamic regulation and clinical translation.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- RNA and ChIP-sequencing analysis reveals SOX3 suppresses antiviral innate immunity through the AKT1-PTEN signaling axis.Virologica Sinica · 2025Article
- The human neural cell atlas of Zika virus infection in developing brain tissue.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- The strategies and mechanisms of enteroviruses to evade innate immunity and the vaccine progress of enteroviruses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- ncRNA-mediated SOX4 overexpression correlates with unfavorable outcomes and immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma.BMC gastroenterology · 2024Article
- Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Recent Progress in Innate Immune Responses to Enterovirus A71 and Viral Evasion Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Virus versus host: influenza A virus circumvents the immune responses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- TBK1 and IRF3 are potential therapeutic targets in Enterovirus A71-associated diseases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Inhibitory Effects and Related Molecular Mechanisms of Huanglian-Ganjiang Combination Against H1N1 Influenza Virus.Revista brasileira de farmacognosia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia · 2023Article
- Integration of scRNA-Seq and Bulk RNA-Seq Reveals Molecular Characterization of the Immune Microenvironment in Acute Pancreatitis.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Cloning and codon optimization of a novel feline interferon omega gene for production byVirulence · 2022Article
- Enterovirus 71 Activates GADD34 via Precursor 3CD to Promote IRES-Mediated Viral Translation.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- SOX4 promotes high-glucose-induced inflammation and angiogenesis of retinal endothelial cells by activating NF-κB signaling pathway.Open life sciences · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential for the protection of the host from pathogen infections by initiating the integration of contextual cues to regulate inflammation and immunity. However, without tightly controlled immune responses, the host will be subjected to detrimental outcomes. Therefore, it is important to balance the positive and negative regulations of TLRs to eliminate pathogen infection, yet avert harmful immunological consequences. This study revealed a distinct mechanism underlying the regulation of the TLR network. The expression of sex-determining region Y-box 4 (Sox4) is induced by virus infection in viral infected patients and cultured cells, which subsequently represses the TLR signaling network to facilitate viral replication at multiple levels by a distinct mechanism. Briefly, Sox4 inhibits the production of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and most of the TLRs by binding to their promoters to attenuate gene transcription. In addition, Sox4 blocks the activities of the TLR/MyD88/IRAK4/TAK1 and TLR/TRIF/TRAF3/TBK1 pathways by repressing their key components. Moreover, Sox4 represses the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) through interacting with IKKα/α, and attenuates NF-kB and IFN regulatory factors 3/7 (IRF3/7) abundances by promoting protein degradation. All these contributed to the down-regulation of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, leading to facilitate the viral replications. Therefore, we reveal a distinct mechanism by which viral pathogens evade host innate immunity and discover a key regulator in host defense.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.