ArticleBMC infectious diseases2021
Population-based HIV prevalence, stigma and HIV risk among trans women in Nepal.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Depressive symptoms, violence, and discrimination among transgender women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2025Article
- Determinants of loss to follow-up among people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in a universal test and treat setting: A retrospective cohort study in Nepal.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Experiences of Health Care Access Among Trans Adolescents in the Region of Murcia, Spain.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Maya Ta Maya Ho (Love is Love): A Qualitative Study on LGBTQI+ Experiences in Hospice & Palliative Care in Nepal.Journal of palliative care · 2025Article
- Forms of transphobia and their influence on health outcomes among transgender, nonbinary, and gender diverse individuals: a global systematic review.International journal of transgender health · 2025Article
- A scoping review examining measurement of anti-transgender stigma in low- and middle-income countries.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Learning from gender-diverse thriving among third-gender people in Juchitán, Mexico.International journal of transgender health · 2025Article
- Recruiting Black and Latina/Hispanic Transgender Women for HIV Research: Implementation of Respondent-Driven Sampling and Factors Associated with Peer Recruitment.Transgender health · 2024Article
- Association between depression and HIV infection vulnerable populations in United States adults: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES from 1999 to 2018.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Stigma as a barrier and sex work as a protective factor for HIV testing among trans women in Nepal.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTransgender women (trans women) in Nepal are underserved in the HIV response. Data are needed to determine the HIV prevalence disaggregated from other key populations and to identify the particular risks faced by this community. Trans women are marginalized around the world and research is also needed to determine the impact of stigma on HIV risk to inform trans-specific interventions.
methodsIn 2019, we conducted the first population-based HIV behavioral surveillance study of trans women disaggregated from other key populations using respondent driven sampling (RDS). We estimated the HIV prevalence for trans women, and bivariate and multivariate Poisson binomial regression models were constructed to examine the relationship between HIV risk and stigma.
resultsTrans women participants (N = 200) had a mean age of 33 years old (SD = 10.96). We found a weighted HIV prevalence of 11.3% (95% CI 6·82% - 18·13). We found that depression and anxiety (aPR 0.81; 95% CI 0.67-0.97; p = 0·02) and current engagement in sex work (aPR 1.31; 95% CI 1.01-1.71; p = 0·046) were significantly associated with greater prevalence of condomless receptive anal intercourse. We found that experienced stigma of ever being verbally abused due to gender identity was significantly associated with lower prevalence of depression and anxiety (aPR 0.42; 95% CI 0.20-0.87; p = 0·002). Feeling unaccepted in Nepali society and believing people thought they were a criminal because of their trans identity was significantly associated greater prevalence of current sex work (aPR 1.36; 95% CI 1.03-1.78; p = 0·03; aPR 1.45; 95% CI 1.03-2.07; p = 0.04). Every measure of experienced stigma assessed was significantly associated with greater prevalence of current engagement in sex work.
conclusionsTrans women are highly stigmatized in Nepal, leading to individual and systems factors that impact their risk for HIV. Interventions are needed that support the economic and mental wellbeing of trans women to prevent their heighted risk of HIV from stigma.
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