ReviewBiology2021
Promising Extracellular Vesicle-Based Vaccines against Viruses, Including SARS-CoV-2.
Review in Biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Prenatal Exposure to Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Influences Fetal Gut Immunity and Immune Programming.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle-Based Antigen Delivery: Advancing Immunization Strategies against Infectious Pathogens.Biomaterials research · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles as vaccine platforms: emerging opportunities for malaria.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Influenza Virus: Global Health Impact, Strategies, Challenges, Role of Nanotechnolgy in Influenza Vaccine Development.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Sublytic Activity of a Pore-Forming Protein From Commensal Bacteria Causes Epigenetic Modulation of Tumour-Affiliated Protein Expression.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Gag HIV-1 Virus-like Particles and Extracellular Vesicles Functionalization with Spike Epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 Using a Copper-Free Click Chemistry Approach.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2025Article
- HSV-1 virions and related particles: biogenesis and implications in the infection.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Inverted HA-EV immunization elicits stalk-specific influenza immunity and cross-protection in mice.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in viral transmission and immune evasion.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Exosome may be the next generation of promising cell-free vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicle Mobility in Collagen I Hydrogels Is Influenced by Matrix-Binding Integrins.ACS nano · 2024Article
- Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of exosomes in colorectal cancer.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Nonspecific membrane-matrix interactions influence diffusivity of lipid vesicles in hydrogels.Biophysical journal · 2024Article
- Extracellular Vesicles: The Invisible Heroes and Villains of COVID-19 Central Neuropathology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Bioengineered small extracellular vesicles deliver multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigenic fragments and drive a broad immunological response.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- Circulating miRNAs and Preeclampsia: From Implantation to Epigenetics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Proteomics of circulating extracellular vesicles reveals diverse clinical presentations of COVID-19 but fails to identify viral peptides.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from almost all human cells and mediate intercellular communication by transferring heterogeneous molecules (i.e., DNA, RNAs, proteins, and lipids). In this way, EVs participate in various biological processes, including immune responses. Viruses can hijack EV biogenesis systems for their dissemination, while EVs from infected cells can transfer viral proteins to uninfected cells and to immune cells in order to mask the infection or to trigger a response. Several studies have highlighted the role of native or engineered EVs in the induction of B cell and CD8(+) T cell reactions against viral proteins, strongly suggesting these antigen-presenting EVs as a novel strategy for vaccine design, including the emerging COVID-19. EV-based vaccines overcome some limitations of conventional vaccines and introduce novel unique characteristics useful in vaccine design, including higher bio-safety and efficiency as antigen-presenting systems and as adjuvants. Here, we review the state-of-the-art for antiviral EV-based vaccines, including the ongoing projects of some biotech companies in the development of EV-based vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we discuss the limits for further development of this promising class of therapeutic agents.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.