ReviewGenes2021
The Multifunctionality of Exosomes; from the Garbage Bin of the Cell to a Next Generation Gene and Cellular Therapy.
Review in Genes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- In Vivo Direct Reprogramming: Current Progress and Future Prospects from Mechanisms to Therapeutic Application.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Research Progress on Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Small Size Vesicles for the Treatment of Liver Diseases.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Comprehensive lnc-RNAs expression profiles in uremic cardiomyopathy before and after renal transplantation.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles: a Promising Therapy for Treatment of Central Nervous System Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicle Lipids and Their Role in Delivery.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Review
- Exosome-based drug delivery systems for enhanced neurological therapeutics.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Targeting MMPs: A Promising Treatment for Gliomas.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Delivering therapeutic RNA into the brain using extracellular vesicles.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2024Review
- Exosomal miRNAs and isomiRs: potential biomarkers for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Precision clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Advancements in 3D In Vitro Models for Colorectal Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Delivering synaptic protein mRNAs via extracellular vesicles ameliorates cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Enhancing osteoporosis treatment with engineered mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: mechanisms and advances.Cell death & disease · 2024Review
- Nano-delivery systems as a promising therapeutic potential for epilepsy: Current status and future perspectives.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Review
- Communicator Extraordinaire: Extracellular Vesicles in the Tumor Microenvironment Are Essential Local and Long-Distance Mediators of Cancer Metastasis.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Extracellular vesicles: The next generation in gene therapy delivery.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2023Review
- Extracellular vesicles and their cells of origin: Open issues in autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The evolving paradigm of extracellular vesicles in intercellular signaling and delivery of therapeutic RNAs.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2022Article
- Review
- Exposure to a Pathological Condition May Be Required for the Cells to Secrete Exosomes Containing mtDNA Aberration.Journal of nucleic acids · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Exosomes are packaged with a variety of cellular cargo including RNA, DNA, lipids and proteins. For several decades now there has been ongoing debate as to what extent exosomes are the garbage bin of the cell or if these entities function as a distributer of cellular cargo which acts in a meaningful mechanistic way on target cells. Are the contents of exosomes unwanted excess cellular produce or are they selective nucleic acid packaged nanoparticles used to communicate in a paracrine fashion? Overexpressed RNAs and fragments of DNA have been shown to collect into exosomes which are jettisoned from cells in response to particular stimuli to maintain homeostasis suggesting exosomes are functional trash bins of the cell. Other studies however have deciphered selective packaging of particular nucleic acids into exosomes. Nucleic acids packaged into exosomes are increasingly reported to exert transcriptional control on recipient cells, supporting the notion that exosomes may provide a role in signaling and intracellular communication. We survey the literature and conclude that exosomes are multifunctional entities, with a plethora of roles that can each be taken advantage to functionally modulate cells. We also note that the potential utility of developing exosomes as a next generation genetic therapy may in future transform cellular therapies. We also depict three models of methodologies which can be adopted by researchers intending to package nucleic acid in exosomes for developing gene and cell therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.