ArticleImmunology2021
Ubiquitin E3 ligase MID1 inhibits the innate immune response by ubiquitinating IRF3.
Article in Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- TOR3A represses type I interferon production and limits viral clearance during respiratory syncytial virus infection.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- TRIM25 promotes antiviral innate immune response by stabilizing IRF7 and its nuclear translocation.mBio · 2026Article
- Pancreatic tumor microenvironment reprogramming via alloantigen-expressing virotherapy elicits tumor rejection and improves immunotherapy response.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- A sex-biased response of the adult brain to Zika virus infection: from down-regulation of neuronal IRF3 to enhanced pathology in adult female mice.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Pancreatic tumor microenvironment reprogramming via alloantigenexpressing virotherapy elicits tumor rejection and improves immunotherapy response.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- DNA-RNA hybrids in inflammation: sources, immune response, and therapeutic implications.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- RNF149 modulates the type I IFN innate antiviral immune responses through degrading IRF3.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Midline 1 associated with Fas signaling enhances murine antigen-induced arthritis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
- Targeting TRAF6/IRF3 axis to inhibit NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation enhances the chemosensitivity of 5-FU and reverses the proliferation of gastric cancer.Cell death & disease · 2024Article
- The multiple roles of interferon regulatory factor family in health and disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- TRIM Proteins and Antiviral Microtubule Reorganization: A Novel Component in Innate Immune Responses?Viruses · 2024Review
- Midline-1 regulates effector T cell motility in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via mTOR/microtubule pathway.Theranostics · 2024Article
- FBXW8 suppresses PDCoV proliferation via the NPD52-dependent autophagic degradation of a viral nucleocapsid protein.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: The Operators of the Ubiquitin Code That Regulates the RLR and cGAS-STING Pathways.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The Role of Long Noncoding RNA BST2-2 in the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Ubiquitylation of cyclin C by HACE1 regulates cisplatin-associated sensitivity in gastric cancer.Clinical and translational medicine · 2022Article
- BTK Promotes Atherosclerosis by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Injury, and ER Stress of Macrophages.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2021Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antagonizes Innate Antiviral Immunity by Targeting Interferon Regulatory Factor 3.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- TRIM18-Regulated STAT3 Signaling PathwayFrontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) Caused by Genomic Alterations of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS): the Possible Contribution of Immune Dysregulation to Disease Pathogenesis.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a critical transcription factor for inducing production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and regulating host antiviral response. Although IRF3 activation during viral infection has been extensively studied, the inhibitory regulation of IRF3 remains largely unexplored. Here, we revealed that Midline-1 (MID1) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase of IRF3 that plays essential roles in regulating the production of IFN-I. We found that MID1 physically interacts with IRF3 and downregulates IRF3 protein levels. Next, we demonstrated that MID1 can induce K48-linked polyubiquitination of IRF3, thus lowing the protein stability of IRF3. Our further studies identified Lys313 as a major ubiquitin acceptor lysine of IRF3 induced by MID1. Finally, MID1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of IRF3 restrict IFN-I production and cellular antiviral response. This study uncovers a role of MID1 in regulating innate antiviral immunity and may provide a potential target for enhancing host antiviral activity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.