Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33513204›Full record

SynthesisPloS one2021

The differential impact of pediatric COVID-19 between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of fatality and ICU admission in children worldwide.

Taito Kitano, Mao Kitano, Carsten Krueger, Hassan Jamal, Hatem Al Rawahi, Rachelle Lee-Krueger, Rose Doulin Sun, Sandra Isabel, Marta Taida García-Ascaso, Hiromi Hibino and 14 more

Open access · goldAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
81citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
11.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

81 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 137 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. COVID Vaccines in Adolescents and Young Adults.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2022
    Guideline
  4. Guideline
  5. Pooled it
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  7. Trial
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  9. Observational
  10. The X-LinkedInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Article
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  18. Polymorphisms in the ACE I/D (Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024
    Article
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21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

24 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Taito KitanoDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-0623-066X
Mao KitanoMikage Child Dental Clinic, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
Carsten KruegerDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Hassan JamalDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Hatem Al RawahiDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Rachelle Lee-KruegerFaculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-6122-1868
Rose Doulin SunDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Sandra IsabelDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Marta Taida García-AscasoDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Hiromi HibinoMcEwen Stem Cell Institute, Universal Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Bettina CamaraFaculty of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Marc IsabelDépartement de mathématique, Faculté des sciences et génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, Québec, QC, Canada.
Leanna ChoDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-5941-2833
Helen E GrovesDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Pierre-Philippe Piché-RenaudDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Michael KossovDepartment Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Division of Medical Microbiology, The Hospital for Sick Children at University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Ikuho KouKaji Dental Clinic, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
Ilsu JonUtsunomiya Kyoritsu Clinic, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.
Ana C BlanchardDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Nao MatsudaAlpaca Child Dental Clinic, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan.
Quenby MahoodHospital Library and Archives, Learning Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children at University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Anupma WadhwaDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Ari BitnunDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Shaun K MorrisDepartment of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
University of Toronto · CAMcEwen Stem Cell InstituteSaiseikai Utsunomiya hospital · JPUniversité Laval · CAUniversity of Ottawa · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe overall global impact of COVID-19 in children and regional variability in pediatric outcomes are presently unknown.

methodsTo evaluate the magnitude of global COVID-19 death and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in children aged 0-19 years, a systematic review was conducted for articles and national reports as of December 7, 2020. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42020179696).

resultsWe reviewed 16,027 articles as well as 225 national reports from 216 countries. Among the 3,788 global pediatric COVID-19 deaths, 3,394 (91.5%) deaths were reported from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), while 83.5% of pediatric population from all included countries were from LMIC. The pediatric deaths/1,000,000 children and case fatality rate (CFR) were significantly higher in LMIC than in high-income countries (HIC) (2.77 in LMIC vs 1.32 in HIC; p < 0.001 and 0.24% in LMIC vs 0.01% in HIC; p < 0.001, respectively). The ICU admission/1,000,000 children was 18.80 and 1.48 in HIC and LMIC, respectively (p < 0.001). The highest deaths/1,000,000 children and CFR were in infants < 1 year old (10.03 and 0.58% in the world, 5.39 and 0.07% in HIC and 10.98 and 1.30% in LMIC, respectively).

conclusionsThe study highlights that there may be a larger impact of pediatric COVID-19 fatality in LMICs compared to HICs.

Indexed as

Socioeconomic FactorsAge FactorsChildChild, PreschoolCOVID-19Global HealthHumansInfantInfant, NewbornIntensive Care UnitsPandemicsPediatrics

Identifiers

PMID33513204
PMCPMC7845974
OpenAlexW3123888180

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.