ReviewImmunogenetics2021
A method for making alignments of related protein sequences that share very little similarity; shark interleukin 2 as an example.
Review in Immunogenetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- PD-1 is conserved from sharks to humans: new insights into PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, and SHP-2 evolution.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- CD4 and LAG-3 from sharks to humans: related molecules with motifs for opposing functions.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Comprehensive Sequence Analysis of Parvalbumins in Fish and Their Comparison with Parvalbumins in Tetrapod Species.Biology · 2022Article
- Bitiscetin-3, a Novel C-Type Lectin-like Protein Cloned from the Venom Gland of the ViperToxins · 2022Article
- The Structure of a Peptide-Loaded Shark MHC Class I Molecule Reveals Features of the Binding between βJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2021Article
- Immunogenetics special issue 2021: Fish Immunology.Immunogenetics · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
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Abstract
An optimized alignment of related protein sequences helps to see their important shared features and to deduce their phylogenetic relationships. At low levels of sequence similarity, there are no suitable computer programs for making the best possible alignment. This review summarizes some guidelines for how in such instances, nevertheless, insightful alignments can be made. The method involves, basically, the understanding of molecular family features at both the protein and intron-exon level, and the collection of many related sequences so that gradual differences may be observed. The method is exemplified by identifying and aligning interleukin 2 (IL-2) and related sequences in Elasmobranchii (sharks/rays) and coelacanth, as other authors have expressed difficulty with their identification. From the point of general immunology, it is interesting that the unusual long "leader" sequence of IL-15, already known in other species, is even more impressively conserved in cartilaginous fish. Furthermore, sequence comparisons suggest that IL-2 in cartilaginous fish has lost its ability to bind an IL-2Rα/15Rα receptor chain, which would prohibit the existence of a mechanism for regulatory T cell regulation identical to mammals.
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